The pomegranate whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest of numerous ornamental and fruit crops, including pomegranate in Egypt. Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has been recorded as the major parasitoid species on the pest. Field strain of the pomegranate whitefly, and its parasitoid from Assiut University Experimental Farm, Assiut, Egypt was evaluated for its susceptibility to certain insecticides representing five chemical classes using leaf-dipping technique. Among those five tested insecticides, imidacloprid, spinetoram and emamectin benzoate had the highest toxicity effect on the whitefly nymph and adult stages with LC50 values ranged from 0.20 to 0.49, 0.23 to 0.53 and 0.33 to 0.65 and from 0.11 to 0.19, 0.13 to 0.22 and 0.22 to 0.61 ppm, respectively. Teflubenzuron and abamectin induced intermediate toxicity responses with LC50 values ranged from 0.26 to 1.10 and 0.58 to 1.25 and from 139.19 to 151.56 and 0.40 to 0.55 ppm, respectively. Under the same conditions, abamectin, spinetoram and emamectin benzoate had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the adults of E. inaron with LC50 values 3.57 and 2.71; 4.67 and 3.81; and 9.11 and 8.23 ppm after 24 and 48hrs¸ respectively. In contrast, teflubenzuron and imidacloprid exhibited the least toxicity to the adult parasitoids with LC50 values 1553.42 and 1509.62; and 201.91 and 191.56 ppm after 24 and 48 hrs¸ respectively. A risk quotient analysis indicated that teflubenzuron and imidacloprid were safe, but abamectin, spinetoram and emamectin benzoate were slightly - moderately toxic to E. inaron. This study may provide important information for supporting the implementation of biological and chemical control strategies in integrated pest management (IPM) of pomegranate whitefly.

Field experiment was conducted to find out the comparative efficacy of four commercial neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and dinotefuran against cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi L., Schizaphis graminum Rondani, and Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting three wheat cultivars Bani Suef, Sids 1 and Misr 1 at Assiut Governorate, Egypt during 2014/2015 season. R. padi was the most abundant species with an average (62.33, 32.50 and 25.00), followed by S. graminum (28.40, 22.67 and 19.00) and R. maidis (9.17, 8.16 and 6.17aphids/tiller) on the three wheat cultivars respectively. There were significant differences in the number of aphids among the wheat cultivars, Bani Suef, Sids 1 and Misr 1. In early season until the second week of March imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and dinotefuran seed treatments reduced significantly the aphid population densities. After the second week of March there were no significant differences between all insecticide treatments compared to the untreated control. The application of neonicotinoid insecticides as seed treatments under field conditions to suppress the wheat aphid’s population increased the yield production of wheat cultivars about 23.04 – 64.98%. In addition, it was an incontrovertible notice that imidacloprid and thiamethoxam seed treatments caused a significant increase in the average yield/feddan in the three wheat cultivars compared to untreated control, whereas acetamiprid and dinotefuran gave a lower increase in the yield production. It might be concluded that, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam had a better efficiency against wheat aphids than acetamiprid and dinotefuran. As a result of which, neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments are an integral component and friendly tactic of integrated pest management programs for aphids control in wheat.

Sohag governorate is located in Upper Egypt (about 467 Km south Cairo city) in a narrow long strip of cultivated area. The total maximum length of Sohag governorate is about 96 Km and the maximum width is about 25 Km. Sixteen transects were selected, crossing the Nile valley and extending from the eastern to the western desert covering the area understudy. Two locations on each side of the river from each transect whenever it is possible. Soil and water samples were selected to study physical and chemical properties of soils and water wells, to identify effect groundwater irrigation on salt accumulation in this area with a special reference to their taxonomic units. The obtained data reveal that the values of electrical conductivity, (EC w ) varied from well to another. The EC w values of well waters range from 8020 μS/cm to 500 μS/cm. In soil samples, The EC e reached a maximum value of 8.23 dS/m and 10.85 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. However, the lowest value was 0.36 dS/m and 0.43 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The salinity is increase with depth in most cases. The correlation coefficients between the electrical conductivity of the groundwater (EC w ) and the saturated soil extract (EC e ) are positive. The groundwater pH value ranges between 7.78 and 8.83. The pH values of the surface and subsurface soils samples are over than 8. The soluble potassium range from 0.05 to 0.62 meq/l e in groundwater. But, in the soil samples the soluble potassium values ranged from 0.08 to 0.61 meq/l e and from 0.09 to 0.65 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Sodium values in the groundwater had a range of 2.11 to 48.19 meq/l.It is ranged from 1.20 to 67.08 meq/l e and 3.00 to 60.28 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soils samples respectively. Calcium values in the groundwater are varying from 0.86 to 10.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.06 to 10.33 meq/l e and 0.20 to 16.00 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Magnesium values in the groundwater ranged from 0.40 to 7.60 meq/l. Soluble magnesium values had a range of 0.20 to 10.40 meq/l e and 0.20 to 8.79 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Chlorides values in the groundwater ranged from 1.19 to 45.00 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.29 to 46.84 meq/l e and 0.8 to 30.20 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Soluble sulphates values in the groundwater ranged from 0.92 to 16.20 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.41 to 31.25 meq/l e and 0.32 to 29.15 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Carbonates and bicarbonate values in the groundwater ranged from 1.33 to 15.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.75 to 19.20 meq/l e and 0.8 to 18.40 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. SAR values in the groundwater ranged from 1.56 to 18.48. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SAR values had a range of 1.16 to 48.09 and 2.73 to 51.15 respectively. RSC values in the groundwater reached high from 0.00 to 5.60. SSP values in groundwater ranged from 27.62 % to 83.43 %. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SSP values had a range of 10.88 % to 95.16 % and 45.88 % to 95.64 % respectively. Calcium carbonate values in the surface and subsurface soil samples range between 0.04 to 37.39% and 0.09% to 29.57% respectively. The soil survey of area understudy identified medium to coarse textured soils .The soil under consideration were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as: Typic Torripsamments, Typic Torrorthents, Sodic Torrorthents, Typic Hplocalcids and Typic Natrargids.

Sohag governorate is located in Upper Egypt (about 467 Km south Cairo city) in a narrow long strip of cultivated area. The total maximum length of Sohag governorate is about 96 Km and the maximum width is about 25 Km. Sixteen transects were selected, crossing the Nile valley and extending from the eastern to the western desert covering the area understudy. Two locations on each side of the river from each transect whenever it is possible. Soil and water samples were selected to study physical and chemical properties of soils and water wells, to identify effect groundwater irrigation on salt accumulation in this area with a special reference to their taxonomic units. The obtained data reveal that the values of electrical conductivity, (EC w ) varied from well to another. The EC w values of well waters range from 8020 μS/cm to 500 μS/cm. In soil samples, The EC e reached a maximum value of 8.23 dS/m and 10.85 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. However, the lowest value was 0.36 dS/m and 0.43 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The salinity is increase with depth in most cases. The correlation coefficients between the electrical conductivity of the groundwater (EC w ) and the saturated soil extract (EC e ) are positive. The groundwater pH value ranges between 7.78 and 8.83. The pH values of the surface and subsurface soils samples are over than 8. The soluble potassium range from 0.05 to 0.62 meq/l e in groundwater. But, in the soil samples the soluble potassium values ranged from 0.08 to 0.61 meq/l e and from 0.09 to 0.65 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Sodium values in the groundwater had a range of 2.11 to 48.19 meq/l.It is ranged from 1.20 to 67.08 meq/l e and 3.00 to 60.28 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soils samples respectively. Calcium values in the groundwater are varying from 0.86 to 10.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.06 to 10.33 meq/l e and 0.20 to 16.00 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Magnesium values in the groundwater ranged from 0.40 to 7.60 meq/l. Soluble magnesium values had a range of 0.20 to 10.40 meq/l e and 0.20 to 8.79 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Chlorides values in the groundwater ranged from 1.19 to 45.00 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.29 to 46.84 meq/l e and 0.8 to 30.20 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Soluble sulphates values in the groundwater ranged from 0.92 to 16.20 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.41 to 31.25 meq/l e and 0.32 to 29.15 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Carbonates and bicarbonate values in the groundwater ranged from 1.33 to 15.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.75 to 19.20 meq/l e and 0.8 to 18.40 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. SAR values in the groundwater ranged from 1.56 to 18.48. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SAR values had a range of 1.16 to 48.09 and 2.73 to 51.15 respectively. RSC values in the groundwater reached high from 0.00 to 5.60. SSP values in groundwater ranged from 27.62 % to 83.43 %. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SSP values had a range of 10.88 % to 95.16 % and 45.88 % to 95.64 % respectively. Calcium carbonate values in the surface and subsurface soil samples range between 0.04 to 37.39% and 0.09% to 29.57% respectively. The soil survey of area understudy identified medium to coarse textured soils .The soil under consideration were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as: Typic Torripsamments, Typic Torrorthents, Sodic Torrorthents, Typic Hplocalcids and Typic Natrargids.

Sohag governorate is located in Upper Egypt (about 467 Km south Cairo city) in a narrow long strip of cultivated area. The total maximum length of Sohag governorate is about 96 Km and the maximum width is about 25 Km. Sixteen transects were selected, crossing the Nile valley and extending from the eastern to the western desert covering the area understudy. Two locations on each side of the river from each transect whenever it is possible. Soil and water samples were selected to study physical and chemical properties of soils and water wells, to identify effect groundwater irrigation on salt accumulation in this area with a special reference to their taxonomic units. The obtained data reveal that the values of electrical conductivity, (EC w ) varied from well to another. The EC w values of well waters range from 8020 μS/cm to 500 μS/cm. In soil samples, The EC e reached a maximum value of 8.23 dS/m and 10.85 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. However, the lowest value was 0.36 dS/m and 0.43 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The salinity is increase with depth in most cases. The correlation coefficients between the electrical conductivity of the groundwater (EC w ) and the saturated soil extract (EC e ) are positive. The groundwater pH value ranges between 7.78 and 8.83. The pH values of the surface and subsurface soils samples are over than 8. The soluble potassium range from 0.05 to 0.62 meq/l e in groundwater. But, in the soil samples the soluble potassium values ranged from 0.08 to 0.61 meq/l e and from 0.09 to 0.65 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Sodium values in the groundwater had a range of 2.11 to 48.19 meq/l.It is ranged from 1.20 to 67.08 meq/l e and 3.00 to 60.28 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soils samples respectively. Calcium values in the groundwater are varying from 0.86 to 10.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.06 to 10.33 meq/l e and 0.20 to 16.00 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Magnesium values in the groundwater ranged from 0.40 to 7.60 meq/l. Soluble magnesium values had a range of 0.20 to 10.40 meq/l e and 0.20 to 8.79 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Chlorides values in the groundwater ranged from 1.19 to 45.00 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.29 to 46.84 meq/l e and 0.8 to 30.20 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Soluble sulphates values in the groundwater ranged from 0.92 to 16.20 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.41 to 31.25 meq/l e and 0.32 to 29.15 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Carbonates and bicarbonate values in the groundwater ranged from 1.33 to 15.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.75 to 19.20 meq/l e and 0.8 to 18.40 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. SAR values in the groundwater ranged from 1.56 to 18.48. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SAR values had a range of 1.16 to 48.09 and 2.73 to 51.15 respectively. RSC values in the groundwater reached high from 0.00 to 5.60. SSP values in groundwater ranged from 27.62 % to 83.43 %. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SSP values had a range of 10.88 % to 95.16 % and 45.88 % to 95.64 % respectively. Calcium carbonate values in the surface and subsurface soil samples range between 0.04 to 37.39% and 0.09% to 29.57% respectively. The soil survey of area understudy identified medium to coarse textured soils .The soil under consideration were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as: Typic Torripsamments, Typic Torrorthents, Sodic Torrorthents, Typic Hplocalcids and Typic Natrargids.

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