A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed form on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first, second and third treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on pellets, crumbles and wet feed, respectively, and the forth group fed mash feed (T4) and considered as control group (C). The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed pellets and wet forms throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, feed conversation, body temperature and mortality percentages compared to birds fed mash and crumbles. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in bon measurements, plumage conditions and carcass traits. It could be concluded that birds fed pellets and wet feed had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for broiler chicks should be in pellets or wet form.

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can lead to starch gelatinization at room temperature, while the retrogradation mechanism of HHP gelatinized starch is not well known. HHP gelatinized normal and waxy corn starches were stored at room temperature for 192 hours in order to investigate the retrogradation characteristics. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarised light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed that the pressurization of normal and waxy corn starch suspensions with concentration of 30% (w/v) at 600 MPa for 15 min resulted in a complete gelatinization. In addition, the pressure–gelatinized normal and waxy corn starch gels were stored and subjected to X–ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, resistant starch content determination, swelling power and pasting behavior. The retrograded normal maize and waxy maize starch showed a substantial loss of A–type crystallinity. Both pressure–gelatinized normal and waxy corn starches showed an increase in resistant starch content and relative crystallinity degree with the increase of storage time. In addition, restricted starch swelling power and lower pasting viscosities were observed for these two retrograded starches. The amylose molecule within starch granules has been regarded as the main factor to affect the structural and physicochemical properties during the retrogradation process of HHP-gelatinized starch granules.

With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.

With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.

With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.

Changes in the composition of soybean oil during deep-fat frying with wheat dough (WD) and chicken breast meat (CBM) were comparatively investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amounts of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and short-chain FAs were increased. The amount of unsaturated FAs was decreased as the processing time increased. An increase in the amount of tetradecanoic acid and 9-cis-hexadecanoic acid was observed during the CBM frying only. The FTIR spectrum of frying oil was analyzed by extracting the entire information as the area ratios based on vibration absorptions of the specific functional groups. Changes in content of functional groups, namely cis C=C, trans C=C, C=O, C–O, O–H, and C–H, were studied by the FTIR-based method. Based on the changes in the content of FAs and functional groups, soybean oil fried with CBM degraded more quickly than that fried with WD. Moreover, good linear correlations between the change in contents of functional groups and the mass percentages of FAs were also observed. The FTIR-based method could be used in real time to monitor the quality of frying oil during the deep-fat frying.

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Halophytes are plants that can tolerate and grow on soils having high salt concentration. These plants have been suggested to be more effective in phytoextraction of heavy metals from the contaminated soils compared to the conventional crop plants .This give an offer for a greater potential of phytoremediation research on decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils. Screen house experiment was conducted out to study the accumulation of heavy metals by three halophyte species: Atriplex amnicola, A. undulate and A. lentiformis .Significant differences were found between the studied species in heavy metals concentration (Cd, Pb and Ni) and transport from the roots to the shoots. Atriplex lentiformis could be more effective in the phytextraction of Cd from the contaminated soils.

Halophytes are plants that can tolerate and grow on soils having high salt concentration. These plants have been suggested to be more effective in phytoextraction of heavy metals from the contaminated soils compared to the conventional crop plants .This give an offer for a greater potential of phytoremediation research on decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils. Screen house experiment was conducted out to study the accumulation of heavy metals by three halophyte species: Atriplex amnicola, A. undulate and A. lentiformis .Significant differences were found between the studied species in heavy metals concentration (Cd, Pb and Ni) and transport from the roots to the shoots. Atriplex lentiformis could be more effective in the phytextraction of Cd from the contaminated soils.

Halophytes are plants that can tolerate and grow on soils having high salt concentration. These plants have been suggested to be more effective in phytoextraction of heavy metals from the contaminated soils compared to the conventional crop plants .This give an offer for a greater potential of phytoremediation research on decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils. Screen house experiment was conducted out to study the accumulation of heavy metals by three halophyte species: Atriplex amnicola, A. undulate and A. lentiformis .Significant differences were found between the studied species in heavy metals concentration (Cd, Pb and Ni) and transport from the roots to the shoots. Atriplex lentiformis could be more effective in the phytextraction of Cd from the contaminated soils.