Sohag governorate is located in Upper Egypt (about 467 Km south Cairo city) in a narrow long strip of cultivated area. The total maximum length of Sohag governorate is about 96 Km and the maximum width is about 25 Km. Sixteen transects were selected, crossing the Nile valley and extending from the eastern to the western desert covering the area understudy. Two locations on each side of the river from each transect whenever it is possible. Soil and water samples were selected to study physical and chemical properties of soils and water wells, to identify effect groundwater irrigation on salt accumulation in this area with a special reference to their taxonomic units. The obtained data reveal that the values of electrical conductivity, (EC w ) varied from well to another. The EC w values of well waters range from 8020 μS/cm to 500 μS/cm. In soil samples, The EC e reached a maximum value of 8.23 dS/m and 10.85 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. However, the lowest value was 0.36 dS/m and 0.43 dS/m for surface and subsurface soils respectively. The salinity is increase with depth in most cases. The correlation coefficients between the electrical conductivity of the groundwater (EC w ) and the saturated soil extract (EC e ) are positive. The groundwater pH value ranges between 7.78 and 8.83. The pH values of the surface and subsurface soils samples are over than 8. The soluble potassium range from 0.05 to 0.62 meq/l e in groundwater. But, in the soil samples the soluble potassium values ranged from 0.08 to 0.61 meq/l e and from 0.09 to 0.65 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Sodium values in the groundwater had a range of 2.11 to 48.19 meq/l.It is ranged from 1.20 to 67.08 meq/l e and 3.00 to 60.28 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soils samples respectively. Calcium values in the groundwater are varying from 0.86 to 10.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.06 to 10.33 meq/l e and 0.20 to 16.00 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Magnesium values in the groundwater ranged from 0.40 to 7.60 meq/l. Soluble magnesium values had a range of 0.20 to 10.40 meq/l e and 0.20 to 8.79 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Chlorides values in the groundwater ranged from 1.19 to 45.00 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.29 to 46.84 meq/l e and 0.8 to 30.20 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Soluble sulphates values in the groundwater ranged from 0.92 to 16.20 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.41 to 31.25 meq/l e and 0.32 to 29.15 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. Carbonates and bicarbonate values in the groundwater ranged from 1.33 to 15.60 meq/l. It is values ranged from 0.75 to 19.20 meq/l e and 0.8 to 18.40 meq/l e for the surface and subsurface soil samples respectively. SAR values in the groundwater ranged from 1.56 to 18.48. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SAR values had a range of 1.16 to 48.09 and 2.73 to 51.15 respectively. RSC values in the groundwater reached high from 0.00 to 5.60. SSP values in groundwater ranged from 27.62 % to 83.43 %. In the surface and subsurface soil samples, SSP values had a range of 10.88 % to 95.16 % and 45.88 % to 95.64 % respectively. Calcium carbonate values in the surface and subsurface soil samples range between 0.04 to 37.39% and 0.09% to 29.57% respectively. The soil survey of area understudy identified medium to coarse textured soils .The soil under consideration were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as: Typic Torripsamments, Typic Torrorthents, Sodic Torrorthents, Typic Hplocalcids and Typic Natrargids.

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The pomegranate butterfly, Virachola livia (Klug) (Lepidoptera: Lycanidae), is one of the most important pests in Egypt. Under pomegranate field conditions, the study was conducted from 2012 to 2013 to compare the efficacy of methoxyfenozide, pyridalyl and emamectin benzoate against pomegranate butterfly in cultivated and reclaimed lands at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. These insecticides demonstrated a significant low infestation of the pomegranate butterfly during 2012 and 2013 seasons compared to control field. Emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl were found to be highly effective for controlling V. livia with an average infestation of 0.33- 4.33% and 1.00- 6.67% compared to methoxyfenozide (0.33- 17.67%) in both cultivated and reclaimed lands, respectively. Data indicated that, the infestation was higher in the cultivated land than reclaimed land during 2012 and 2013 seasons. The change in temperature and relative humidity may affect the susceptibility of pomegranate fruits to the infestation by V. livia. In addition, results showed that all pomegranate trees under treated field had a significant increase in the average weight fruits by about 70-90% compared to control field. Methoxyfenozide, pyridalyl and emamectin benzoate can be considered as promising candidates to control the pomegranate butterfly, V. livia infestation in both cultivated and reclaimed lands.