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This experiment was carried out using 720 Japanese quail eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs as affected by lighting stimulation. All eggs were divided into six groups and incubated under the recommended conditions of the incubated quail eggs with lighting or without according to embryos age as follows: The first group (control, C) was incubated under dark conditions throughout whole incubation period, while, The second groups (T1) was incubated under light conditions during the 1st four days of incubation period. The third group (T2) was incubated under light conditions during the 2nd four days of incubation period. The fourth group (T3) was incubated under light conditions during the 3rd four days of incubation period. The fifth group (T4) was incubated under light conditions during the 4th four days of incubation period. The sixth group (T5) was incubated under light conditions throughout whole incubation period. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among light groups for chick weight and piped egg. However, significant differences in hatchability and hatch time, embryo growth had existed among lighting groups in different embryo age. It could be concluded the importance of embryo age under light effect, which could be use to minimize the light costs and maximize the hatching performance of Japanese quail eggs.

This experiment was carried out using 720 Japanese quail eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs as affected by lighting stimulation. All eggs were divided into six groups and incubated under the recommended conditions of the incubated quail eggs with lighting or without according to embryos age as follows: The first group (control, C) was incubated under dark conditions throughout whole incubation period, while, The second groups (T1) was incubated under light conditions during the 1st four days of incubation period. The third group (T2) was incubated under light conditions during the 2nd four days of incubation period. The fourth group (T3) was incubated under light conditions during the 3rd four days of incubation period. The fifth group (T4) was incubated under light conditions during the 4th four days of incubation period. The sixth group (T5) was incubated under light conditions throughout whole incubation period. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among light groups for chick weight and piped egg. However, significant differences in hatchability and hatch time, embryo growth had existed among lighting groups in different embryo age. It could be concluded the importance of embryo age under light effect, which could be use to minimize the light costs and maximize the hatching performance of Japanese quail eggs.

This experiment was carried out using 720 Japanese quail eggs to study the hatch performance of different eggs as affected by lighting stimulation. All eggs were divided into six groups and incubated under the recommended conditions of the incubated quail eggs with lighting or without according to embryos age as follows: The first group (control, C) was incubated under dark conditions throughout whole incubation period, while, The second groups (T1) was incubated under light conditions during the 1st four days of incubation period. The third group (T2) was incubated under light conditions during the 2nd four days of incubation period. The fourth group (T3) was incubated under light conditions during the 3rd four days of incubation period. The fifth group (T4) was incubated under light conditions during the 4th four days of incubation period. The sixth group (T5) was incubated under light conditions throughout whole incubation period. The obtained results showed insignificant differences among light groups for chick weight and piped egg. However, significant differences in hatchability and hatch time, embryo growth had existed among lighting groups in different embryo age. It could be concluded the importance of embryo age under light effect, which could be use to minimize the light costs and maximize the hatching performance of Japanese quail eggs.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed form on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first, second and third treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on pellets, crumbles and wet feed, respectively, and the forth group fed mash feed (T4) and considered as control group (C). The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed pellets and wet forms throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, feed conversation, body temperature and mortality percentages compared to birds fed mash and crumbles. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in bon measurements, plumage conditions and carcass traits. It could be concluded that birds fed pellets and wet feed had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for broiler chicks should be in pellets or wet form.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed form on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first, second and third treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on pellets, crumbles and wet feed, respectively, and the forth group fed mash feed (T4) and considered as control group (C). The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed pellets and wet forms throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, feed conversation, body temperature and mortality percentages compared to birds fed mash and crumbles. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in bon measurements, plumage conditions and carcass traits. It could be concluded that birds fed pellets and wet feed had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for broiler chicks should be in pellets or wet form.

A total number of one hundred and twenty birds aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned into four equal groups to investigate the effect of feed form on growth performance, carcass characteristics, plumage conditions and economical efficiency of local turkey. The first, second and third treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed on pellets, crumbles and wet feed, respectively, and the forth group fed mash feed (T4) and considered as control group (C). The obtained results showed that treatments birds fed pellets and wet forms throughout the experimental period had superior body weight, feed conversation, body temperature and mortality percentages compared to birds fed mash and crumbles. Otherwise, no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in bon measurements, plumage conditions and carcass traits. It could be concluded that birds fed pellets and wet feed had high performance and economical efficiency. Consequently, diets for broiler chicks should be in pellets or wet form.

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can lead to starch gelatinization at room temperature, while the retrogradation mechanism of HHP gelatinized starch is not well known. HHP gelatinized normal and waxy corn starches were stored at room temperature for 192 hours in order to investigate the retrogradation characteristics. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarised light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed that the pressurization of normal and waxy corn starch suspensions with concentration of 30% (w/v) at 600 MPa for 15 min resulted in a complete gelatinization. In addition, the pressure–gelatinized normal and waxy corn starch gels were stored and subjected to X–ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, resistant starch content determination, swelling power and pasting behavior. The retrograded normal maize and waxy maize starch showed a substantial loss of A–type crystallinity. Both pressure–gelatinized normal and waxy corn starches showed an increase in resistant starch content and relative crystallinity degree with the increase of storage time. In addition, restricted starch swelling power and lower pasting viscosities were observed for these two retrograded starches. The amylose molecule within starch granules has been regarded as the main factor to affect the structural and physicochemical properties during the retrogradation process of HHP-gelatinized starch granules.

With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.

With the rising costs and the declining availabilit y of peat, it is necessary to look for alternative materials to be used as growth media. Clay soil and composted rice straw are cheap and readily available candidates once there pH is adjusted. In the current study, growth of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was compared in different growth substrates (peat moss, clay and composted rice straw) treated with ferrous sulfate (200 ml/pot) at various time intervals (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth characteristics along with the highest leaf content of chlorophylls a & b, N, K and Mn in both seasons. Rice straw-grown plant s showed moderate growth proving superior to clay-g rown ones in terms of plant height, branch number, internode number and length, shoot fresh and dry weights, flower diameter, leaf content of arotenoids, P and Cu. Using of ferrous sulfate enhanced the performance of both rice straw and clay. This effect was clear as the frequency of the application was increased and the most frequent application (10-day interval) produced generally the best results. Composted rice straw and clay soil treated with ferrous sulphate at 10-day interval were comparable to peat moss regarding their effect on growth and flowering of gardenia plants.