—Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima is a facultative perennial species exhibits large intraspecific variation in vernalization requirement. Bolting tendency is a complex character governed by various environmental cues and multiple genetic factors. A panel of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima accessions collected from the Mediterranean costs revealed significant variations in bolting time. Three F2 populations derived from crosses between six annual beet accessions were analyzed for bolting behavior. Two F2 segregated populations, i.e., Bvm127 and Bvm128 exhibited phenotypic segregation ratios of 3 : 1 earlybolting and latebolting which is expected for dominantrecessive inheritance of a monogenic trait. Meanwhile, the phenotypic segregation ratio for early bolting: latebolting in the F2 population Bvm125 did not deviate significantly from 63 : 1, indicating a poly genic inheritance of bolting tendency in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritime. Broad sense heritability for bolting ten dency ranged from 0.58 to 0.74.

Migratory plant parasitic nematodes from the genus Pratylenchus are major pests in agriculture and attack a wide spectrum of crops leading to heavy losses up to 16% of grain yield in barley. Breeding resistant varieties is the most effective and environmentally friendly approach to control root lesion nematodes. A doubled haploid population derived from a cross between the Turkish accession Beysehir and the old German variety Valentina were used for genetic mapping of P. neglectus resistance QTLs. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 226 DH lines with 388 AFLP, SSR and CAPS markers that cover 1,051 cM on seven linkage groups. Using nematode numbers which were counted 7 weeks after artificial infection, eight QTLs were mapped by composite interval mapping on six linkage groups (2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H). Comparative QTL analysis revealed that two major QTLs are located at the same position as previously described Pratylenchus resistance QTLs on chromosomes 5 and 6 (Rlnnp5H and Rlnnp6H) which had been mapped with two different. Two markers flanking Rlnnp6H are being used to identify DH lines with recombinations within the QTL regions in a large DH population of Beysehir × Valentina. Currently, 760 DH lines have been genotyped with the two flanking markers and 35 recombinant DHs were identified. Recombinant DH lines will be used for fine mapping of the QTL taking the markers selected by whole genome sequencing of two phenotypic bulks. Two phenotypic bulks representing the distributional extremes of the mapping population were subjected to whole genome sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. Short reads from the susceptible bulk were aligned to the barley reference genome sequence, and a consensus reference sequence was obtained. Reads from the resistant bulk were mapped to the consensus reference sequence and variants between the two bulks were identified. Homozygous variants densities were calculated across all chromosomes in a sliding window of 1Mb using CLC Genomics Workbench 6.5. Preliminary results show that a unique region with the highest variant density was localized at the same position as one of the resistance QTL. Sequence analysis to identify resistance candidates is in progress.

Heat stress is an important abiotic stress causing the major threat to the growth and development of most crop plants. A panel of 326 barley genotypes comprises of 320 wild barley accessions and six local cultivars were evaluated for days to heading (DTH), days to flowering (DTF), number of tillers per plant (NoT), plant height (PH), Chlorophyll content (CC), spike length (SL), thousand kernel weight (TKW) and single plant yield (SPY) under optimum sowing and heat-stressed conditions. All measured traits exhibited highly significant differences both among evaluated genotypes and between the optimum sowing and the heat-stressed conditions. Plants exposed to high temperatures flowered earlier. A drastic reduction in morphological and yield contributing traits, i.e., PH, NoT, SL, TKW, SPY and CC under heat stress conditions was observed. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups based on heat stress tolerance with substantial diversity among the heat tolerant genotypes.

Heat stress is an important abiotic stress causing the major threat to the growth and development of most crop plants. A panel of 326 barley genotypes comprises of 320 wild barley accessions and six local cultivars were evaluated for days to heading (DTH), days to flowering (DTF), number of tillers per plant (NoT), plant height (PH), Chlorophyll content (CC), spike length (SL), thousand kernel weight (TKW) and single plant yield (SPY) under optimum sowing and heat-stressed conditions. All measured traits exhibited highly significant differences both among evaluated genotypes and between the optimum sowing and the heat-stressed conditions. Plants exposed to high temperatures flowered earlier. A drastic reduction in morphological and yield contributing traits, i.e., PH, NoT, SL, TKW, SPY and CC under heat stress conditions was observed. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups based on heat stress tolerance with substantial diversity among the heat tolerant genotypes.

It is clear that there is a great shortage of wheat production in Egypt. Here also water resources and cultivated area are limited. This reflects the size of the problem. Production of wheat in newly reclaimed sandy soils may be solving these problems. A field experiments were conducted out to study the effect of soil moisture and forms of P fertilizer on uptake of P by wheat plant as well as the yield production under drip irrigation system. Phosphorous uptake by wheat plants during the growth period was significantly (p0.05) affected by soil moisture (amount of irrigation water) and the source of P. At early beginning of growth period (45 day after wheat planting), wheat plants received P as Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and Urea-phosphate (UP) taken up more P comparing to the other P sources, while 75 days after planting and later on wheat plants fertilized with UP and Phosphoric acid (PA) contained higher amounts of P

It is clear that there is a great shortage of wheat production in Egypt. Here also water resources and cultivated area are limited. This reflects the size of the problem. Production of wheat in newly reclaimed sandy soils may be solving these problems. A field experiments were conducted out to study the effect of soil moisture and forms of P fertilizer on uptake of P by wheat plant as well as the yield production under drip irrigation system. Phosphorous uptake by wheat plants during the growth period was significantly (p0.05) affected by soil moisture (amount of irrigation water) and the source of P. At early beginning of growth period (45 day after wheat planting), wheat plants received P as Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and Urea-phosphate (UP) taken up more P comparing to the other P sources, while 75 days after planting and later on wheat plants fertilized with UP and Phosphoric acid (PA) contained higher amounts of P

It is clear that there is a great shortage of wheat production in Egypt. Here also water resources and cultivated area are limited. This reflects the size of the problem. Production of wheat in newly reclaimed sandy soils may be solving these problems. A field experiments were conducted out to study the effect of soil moisture and forms of P fertilizer on uptake of P by wheat plant as well as the yield production under drip irrigation system. Phosphorous uptake by wheat plants during the growth period was significantly (p0.05) affected by soil moisture (amount of irrigation water) and the source of P. At early beginning of growth period (45 day after wheat planting), wheat plants received P as Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and Urea-phosphate (UP) taken up more P comparing to the other P sources, while 75 days after planting and later on wheat plants fertilized with UP and Phosphoric acid (PA) contained higher amounts of P

Using of phosphorus fertilizers in agriculture production affects on environmental quality, to minimize chances of negative environmental impact from over fertilization we should place them in correct form and with suitable application way. Water solubility and acidity of phosphate fertilizers used in fertigation are critical parameters in choosing the phosphate fertilizers. A column experiment was conducted out to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizers forms (mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), mono-potassium phosphate (MKP), urea phosphate (UP) and phosphoric acid (PA), fertigation frequencies (every 3 and 6 days) and amount of irrigation water (0.66 and 1.32 L day-1) on the movement and availability of P in sandy calcareous soils. Increasing the amount of irrigation water revealed a highly significant effect (p0.01) on the distribution of available P underneath the dripper through the soil column. Urea-phosphate and phosphoric acid (acidic P fertilizers) were more mobile compared to the other P fertilizers. Continuous injection of P fertilizer with irrigation water (high-frequency P drip fertigation, P injection every 3 days) significantly (p0.01) increased the Olsen's extractable P in the surface layers. Based on our results, it may be concluded that amount of water irrigation and fertigation frequency are major factors influenced P availability and movement in sandy calcareous soils. Phosphorus fertilizers in sandy calcareous soils must be added in high frequency with low concentrations.

Using of phosphorus fertilizers in agriculture production affects on environmental quality, to minimize chances of negative environmental impact from over fertilization we should place them in correct form and with suitable application way. Water solubility and acidity of phosphate fertilizers used in fertigation are critical parameters in choosing the phosphate fertilizers. A column experiment was conducted out to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizers forms (mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), mono-potassium phosphate (MKP), urea phosphate (UP) and phosphoric acid (PA), fertigation frequencies (every 3 and 6 days) and amount of irrigation water (0.66 and 1.32 L day-1) on the movement and availability of P in sandy calcareous soils. Increasing the amount of irrigation water revealed a highly significant effect (p0.01) on the distribution of available P underneath the dripper through the soil column. Urea-phosphate and phosphoric acid (acidic P fertilizers) were more mobile compared to the other P fertilizers. Continuous injection of P fertilizer with irrigation water (high-frequency P drip fertigation, P injection every 3 days) significantly (p0.01) increased the Olsen's extractable P in the surface layers. Based on our results, it may be concluded that amount of water irrigation and fertigation frequency are major factors influenced P availability and movement in sandy calcareous soils. Phosphorus fertilizers in sandy calcareous soils must be added in high frequency with low concentrations.

Using of phosphorus fertilizers in agriculture production affects on environmental quality, to minimize chances of negative environmental impact from over fertilization we should place them in correct form and with suitable application way. Water solubility and acidity of phosphate fertilizers used in fertigation are critical parameters in choosing the phosphate fertilizers. A column experiment was conducted out to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizers forms (mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), mono-potassium phosphate (MKP), urea phosphate (UP) and phosphoric acid (PA), fertigation frequencies (every 3 and 6 days) and amount of irrigation water (0.66 and 1.32 L day-1) on the movement and availability of P in sandy calcareous soils. Increasing the amount of irrigation water revealed a highly significant effect (p0.01) on the distribution of available P underneath the dripper through the soil column. Urea-phosphate and phosphoric acid (acidic P fertilizers) were more mobile compared to the other P fertilizers. Continuous injection of P fertilizer with irrigation water (high-frequency P drip fertigation, P injection every 3 days) significantly (p0.01) increased the Olsen's extractable P in the surface layers. Based on our results, it may be concluded that amount of water irrigation and fertigation frequency are major factors influenced P availability and movement in sandy calcareous soils. Phosphorus fertilizers in sandy calcareous soils must be added in high frequency with low concentrations.