While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

This study investigates wind analysis which is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis for airports outside population settlements. The accuracy of used software in computer analysis was checked by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport design and windrose PRO. Wind patterns of twenty regions in Egypt are examined by WORPLOT View and FAA Airport Design program to estimate the best runway orientation. These twenty regions have thirteen regions with existing airports and seven regions of bearable airports. After examining Egyptian surface wind pattern found that the optimum solution for the most of Egypt regions is one direction while there are two directions for Mersa Matruh and Port Said. The existing runways in Assiut airport and Port Said airport have not fulfill standard requirement which were taken in this study (wind coverage and cross wind rules) throughout the year. Runway orientation was found for previousexamined airports. Three runway orientations had been studied with more details, Aswan, Marsa Alam and Al Nozha airports.There is one proposed runway in Al Nozha airport, which have fulfilled standard requirement throughout the year instead of the existing runways. Aswan and Marsa Alam existing runways were accepted

This study investigates wind analysis which is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis for airports outside population settlements. The accuracy of used software in computer analysis was checked by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport design and windrose PRO. Wind patterns of twenty regions in Egypt are examined by WORPLOT View and FAA Airport Design program to estimate the best runway orientation. These twenty regions have thirteen regions with existing airports and seven regions of bearable airports. After examining Egyptian surface wind pattern found that the optimum solution for the most of Egypt regions is one direction while there are two directions for Mersa Matruh and Port Said. The existing runways in Assiut airport and Port Said airport have not fulfill standard requirement which were taken in this study (wind coverage and cross wind rules) throughout the year. Runway orientation was found for previousexamined airports. Three runway orientations had been studied with more details, Aswan, Marsa Alam and Al Nozha airports.There is one proposed runway in Al Nozha airport, which have fulfilled standard requirement throughout the year instead of the existing runways. Aswan and Marsa Alam existing runways were accepted

Erosion and erosion–corrosion tests of as-built Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Selective Laser Melting were investigated using slurries composed of SiO2 sand particles and either tap water (pure water) or 3.5% NaCl solution (artificial seawater). The microhardness value of selective laser melting (SLM)ed Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased as the impact angle increased. The synergistic effect of corrosion and erosion in seawater is always higher than erosion in pure water at all impact angles. The seawater environment caused the dissolution of vanadium oxide V2O5 on the surface of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy due to the presence of Cl− ions in the seawater. These findings show lower microhardness values and high mass losses under the erosion–corrosion test compared to those under the erosion test at all impact angles.

Erosion and erosion–corrosion tests of as-built Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Selective Laser Melting were investigated using slurries composed of SiO2 sand particles and either tap water (pure water) or 3.5% NaCl solution (artificial seawater). The microhardness value of selective laser melting (SLM)ed Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased as the impact angle increased. The synergistic effect of corrosion and erosion in seawater is always higher than erosion in pure water at all impact angles. The seawater environment caused the dissolution of vanadium oxide V2O5 on the surface of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy due to the presence of Cl− ions in the seawater. These findings show lower microhardness values and high mass losses under the erosion–corrosion test compared to those under the erosion test at all impact angles.

In this paper, slurry erosion behaviour of a polymeric paint film coated on steel and impacted with silica was investigated. The investigated spray paint is commonly used in automobile paint systems to provide protection against mechanical and corrosive damages. Slurry erosion tests were conducted on the designed samples to investigate the effect of the common slurry erosion parameters, namely, slurry concentration, impact angle, and impact velocity, on the mass loss of the paint material as a response. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the contribution of the individual parameters and investigate the significant effect of them on the mass loss of the paint material. Moreover, a regression model was developed based on the ANOVA results to predict the response (mass loss) in terms of different values of the input parameters. The developed regression model was validated with the experimental results and found to be feasible. The results revealed that the slurry erosion increases by increasing the slurry concentration and impact velocity. In addition, the rate of erosion increases with the increase of the impact angle until the angle reaches 66°. Furthermore, the ANOVA illustrated that slurry concentration and impact angle are the most significant parameters influencing the mass loss of the paint material, whilst the impact velocity had the less significant impact. The obtained statistical results were confirmed by conducting extra experimental works.

In this paper, slurry erosion behaviour of a polymeric paint film coated on steel and impacted with silica was investigated. The investigated spray paint is commonly used in automobile paint systems to provide protection against mechanical and corrosive damages. Slurry erosion tests were conducted on the designed samples to investigate the effect of the common slurry erosion parameters, namely, slurry concentration, impact angle, and impact velocity, on the mass loss of the paint material as a response. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the contribution of the individual parameters and investigate the significant effect of them on the mass loss of the paint material. Moreover, a regression model was developed based on the ANOVA results to predict the response (mass loss) in terms of different values of the input parameters. The developed regression model was validated with the experimental results and found to be feasible. The results revealed that the slurry erosion increases by increasing the slurry concentration and impact velocity. In addition, the rate of erosion increases with the increase of the impact angle until the angle reaches 66°. Furthermore, the ANOVA illustrated that slurry concentration and impact angle are the most significant parameters influencing the mass loss of the paint material, whilst the impact velocity had the less significant impact. The obtained statistical results were confirmed by conducting extra experimental works.