Introduction: Septal deviation is usually associated with compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral inferior nasal turbinate. The current treatment of septal deviation is septoplasty but there is controversy about surgery for the hypertrophied inferior turbinate because of evidence that degree of satisfaction of patients who undergo septoplasty alone is similar to those who undergo septoplasty and turbinectomy. Aim of work: to determine the effect of septal surgery alone in patients with C shaped deviated nasal septum on the hypertrophied inferior turbinate radiologically and functionally. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was done on 40 patients during the period from (January 2014 to June 2015) complaining of bilateral nasal obstruction caused by C shaped septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy, their age ranged from 19-35 year. All of them underwent septoplasty alone without turbinate surgery. The volume of the hypertrophied inferior turbinate was measured before and after surgery by CT scan of paranasal sinuses coronal and axial planes. Results: According to the results obtained from this study septoplasty alone significantly decreased the mean volume of hypertrophied inferior turbinate by 0.825mm3 (p value 0.005). Conclusion: The inferior turbinate hypertrophy reduced in size after septoplasty without turbinate surgery.

Introduction: Septal deviation is usually associated with compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral inferior nasal turbinate. The current treatment of septal deviation is septoplasty but there is controversy about surgery for the hypertrophied inferior turbinate because of evidence that degree of satisfaction of patients who undergo septoplasty alone is similar to those who undergo septoplasty and turbinectomy. Aim of work: to determine the effect of septal surgery alone in patients with C shaped deviated nasal septum on the hypertrophied inferior turbinate radiologically and functionally. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was done on 40 patients during the period from (January 2014 to June 2015) complaining of bilateral nasal obstruction caused by C shaped septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy, their age ranged from 19-35 year. All of them underwent septoplasty alone without turbinate surgery. The volume of the hypertrophied inferior turbinate was measured before and after surgery by CT scan of paranasal sinuses coronal and axial planes. Results: According to the results obtained from this study septoplasty alone significantly decreased the mean volume of hypertrophied inferior turbinate by 0.825mm3 (p value 0.005). Conclusion: The inferior turbinate hypertrophy reduced in size after septoplasty without turbinate surgery.

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Background Osteoporosis is a global public health problem currently affecting millions of people worldwide, and Saudi Arabia is not an exception. Awareness and perceptions of susceptibility and belief in the seriousness of a disease can help in its prevention and control. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices for osteoporosis among Saudi general population and to identify its determining factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey of people aged 18 years or older representing every region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was carried out. A total of 2174 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to identify the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice. Results Responses were obtained from 1830 individuals (42% female and 58% male). The majority of the study sample had heard about osteoporosis (78%). There were significant associations between the level of awareness and the following sociodemographics of the participants: age, sex, education, occupation, income, and residence (Po0.01). Regular practice of the main preventive behaviors was correlated with an increase in the level of awareness. Conclusion and recommendations The majority of the study cohort had heard about osteoporosis. Female respondents were more knowledgeable. Age was negatively correlated with the level of awareness. Awareness levels and the main sociodemographic determinants were significantly associated. The study recommended that health authorities and physicians should have better involvement in patient education efforts to improve and maintain the information provided on osteoporosis.

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Infectious complications represent the second most common cause of mortality and a major cause of morbidity in β-thalassemia major (BTM), with a prevalence of 12–13%. The data on unconventional T-lymphocyte subsets in BTM children are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate and evaluate phenotypic alterations in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP), CD4− CD8− double negative (DN), and natural killer T-lymphocytes (NKT) in BTM children in comparison to healthy controls. Our case control study included 80 children with BTM and 40 healthy children as controls. Assessment of unconventional T-lymphocyte populations was done using sensitive fourcolor flow cytometry (FACSCalibur). Our analysis of the data showed a significantly higher frequency CD4+ CD8+ (double-positive) T cells, CD4− CD8− (double negative) T cells, and natural killer T cells in the peripheral blood of both BTM groups (splenectomized and non-splenectomized) as compared to healthy controls, suggesting that these cells may play a role in the clinical course of BTM. The relationship of the unconventional T-lymphocytes to immune disorders in BTM children remains to be determined. Further longitudinal study with a larger sample size is warranted to elucidate the role these cells in BTM. UMIN‑CTR study design: trial number UMIN000018950.

Infectious complications represent the second most common cause of mortality and a major cause of morbidity in β-thalassemia major (BTM), with a prevalence of 12–13%. The data on unconventional T-lymphocyte subsets in BTM children are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate and evaluate phenotypic alterations in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP), CD4− CD8− double negative (DN), and natural killer T-lymphocytes (NKT) in BTM children in comparison to healthy controls. Our case control study included 80 children with BTM and 40 healthy children as controls. Assessment of unconventional T-lymphocyte populations was done using sensitive fourcolor flow cytometry (FACSCalibur). Our analysis of the data showed a significantly higher frequency CD4+ CD8+ (double-positive) T cells, CD4− CD8− (double negative) T cells, and natural killer T cells in the peripheral blood of both BTM groups (splenectomized and non-splenectomized) as compared to healthy controls, suggesting that these cells may play a role in the clinical course of BTM. The relationship of the unconventional T-lymphocytes to immune disorders in BTM children remains to be determined. Further longitudinal study with a larger sample size is warranted to elucidate the role these cells in BTM. UMIN‑CTR study design: trial number UMIN000018950.

Infectious complications represent the second most common cause of mortality and a major cause of morbidity in β-thalassemia major (BTM), with a prevalence of 12–13%. The data on unconventional T-lymphocyte subsets in BTM children are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate and evaluate phenotypic alterations in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP), CD4− CD8− double negative (DN), and natural killer T-lymphocytes (NKT) in BTM children in comparison to healthy controls. Our case control study included 80 children with BTM and 40 healthy children as controls. Assessment of unconventional T-lymphocyte populations was done using sensitive fourcolor flow cytometry (FACSCalibur). Our analysis of the data showed a significantly higher frequency CD4+ CD8+ (double-positive) T cells, CD4− CD8− (double negative) T cells, and natural killer T cells in the peripheral blood of both BTM groups (splenectomized and non-splenectomized) as compared to healthy controls, suggesting that these cells may play a role in the clinical course of BTM. The relationship of the unconventional T-lymphocytes to immune disorders in BTM children remains to be determined. Further longitudinal study with a larger sample size is warranted to elucidate the role these cells in BTM. UMIN‑CTR study design: trial number UMIN000018950.