Background: Early detection of congenital hearing loss (HL) and appropriate intervention is essential to minimize
its dramatic impact. Target-based newborn hearing screening (TNHS) was initially targeted high-risk register (HRR)
newborn. The advance techniques in neonatology in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) lead to decrease mortality
among low birth weight and preterm infants, but significant morbidities including hearing loss persist. In this study,
we aimed to assess the prevalence of hearing loss and the percentage of different risk factors among the HRR neonates
admitted to NICU at Assiut University Hospital.
Results: The prevalence of hearing loss among the study group is 1%. The most common risk factor present
between the study group was prematurity associated with the low birth weight (57%). The combination of preterm
and low birth weight has statistically significant effect on hearing loss (p < 0.006). There was statistically significant difference
in the pass rate of the transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) frequencies included in the screening
program. The highest pass rate 91% and 85% was at 4 KH and 3 KH, respectively, while the least pass rate was at 1 KH
(11.5%).
Conclusion: TEOAE screener is safe, noninvasive, and doesn’t require sedation and cost-effective method in the newborn
hearing screening at NICU. For HRR, it is better to do screening before hospital discharge so allowing enough
time for comorbidities of the neonate to improve. Neonatal hearing screening in high-risk neonates in NICU allows
early identification of children with hearing loss with early intervention.

Background and objectives: Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae is a member of viridans streptococci. It is non-capsulated, bile insoluble and optochin susceptible in ambient air but resistant in 5% CO₂. This study aimed to isolate S. pseudopneumoniae from sputum specimens of patients admitted to Chest Department and Chest ICU of Assiut University hospitals, differentiate it from Streptococcus pneumoniae in addition, to evaluate the prevalence of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae in clinical isolates by phenotypic and genotypic methods, to subject the isolates to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using agar disc diffusion method.

Materials and methods: Isolation of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae from sputum sample and doing phenotypic test (optochin susceptibility test,bile susceptibility test and antimicrobial susceptibility test) and genotypic test by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for five genes: CpsA, LytA, AliB-like ORF2, 16S rRNA and Spn9802 genes.

Results: Twenty isolates of S. pseudopneumoniae were diagnosed phenotypically by optochin susceptibility and bile solubility tests followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for five genes: CpsA, LytA, AliB-like ORF2, 16S rRNA and Spn9802 genes. The prevalence of S. pseudopneumoniae among studied patients was 10% (20/200).

Conclusion: The pure growth of S. pseudopneumoniae from sputum samples together with the great percentage of antibiotic resistance should raise attention to the clinical importance of this organism.

Renal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and is uniquely challenging in the anesthetic management of pediatric patients. Perioperative pain management is a core component in the anesthetic plan. Pediatric regional anesthesia is one of the most valuable and safe tools to treat perioperative pain.

Methods

Sixty pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease scheduled for upper limb superficialization of brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula to facilitate hemodialysis completed the study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups; the block group received combined general anesthesia plus ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block, and the control group received general anesthesia only.

Results

The block group recorded a significantly lower fistula maturation duration, more dilatation in basilic vein diameter, lower primary failure rate, postoperative VAS scores, anesthesia …

Background: Central nervous system (CNS), in particular, depends on thyroid hormones (TH) for the growth and upkeep of normal physiological processes. The preferred medication for thyroid replacement therapy continues to be levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone.
Objectives: The goal of the current study was to determine whether maternally induced hypothyroidism could have an impact on the postnatal development of albino rat visual cortex and whether levothyroxine might have any protective effects or not.
Material and Methods: Twenty one (21) pregnant rats were randomly divided equally into three groups; control group (received distilled water orally daily from first day of gestation until day 20 after delivery), hypothyroid group (received Carbimazole orally in a dose of 5 mg/rat/ day from first day of gestation until day 20 after delivery) and hypothyroid group treated with levothyroixine (received Carbimazole orally in a dose of 5mg/ rat/ day for the same period concomitantly with Levothyroxine subcutaneously at a dose of 5µg/day/rat from day 10 of gestation until 20 day after delivery). Pups (newborn, 10 and 20 days) were anesthetized, sacrificed; their brains were processed for histological evaluation. Morphometric and statistical studies were done.
Results: Hypothyroidism induced visual cortex histological insults in the form of decreased cortical thickness and nuclear size and increase in packing of cells. Darkly stained cells were noticed. Clustering of pyramidal cells in ganglionic layer was not evident. Borders between layers couldn’t be easily distinguished. These insults were ameliorated in hypothyroid rats treated with Levothyroxine.
Conclusion: Levothyroxine might protect against maternal hypothyroidism induced visual cortical neurotoxicity.