The present work is aimed at developing thermal and electrical models which are capable of estimating the two dimensional thermal and electrical performance of a PV module under given meteorological conditions. The thermal modeling has been developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software environment and the electrical modeling has been carried out in PSIM software environment. The main objective of the electrical model is to investigate the I-V and P-V characteristics of an 80W thin film PV module with and without cooling at varying surface temperature and irradiation. In the thermal model, the dependence of module surface temperature, electrical efficiency, and thermal efficiency on water flow velocity is investigated. The results obtained from the proposed electrical and thermal models are validated experimentally. The results showed that the maximum electrical, thermal and net energy efficiency values of cooled PV module are 9.92%, 55.6%, and 65.4%, respectively. Variation of water flow velocity experiences no significant temperature change in the coolant water exiting the module and results in a slight change of both the module surface temperature and electrical efficiency.

The present work is aimed at developing thermal and electrical models which are capable of estimating the two dimensional thermal and electrical performance of a PV module under given meteorological conditions. The thermal modeling has been developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software environment and the electrical modeling has been carried out in PSIM software environment. The main objective of the electrical model is to investigate the I-V and P-V characteristics of an 80W thin film PV module with and without cooling at varying surface temperature and irradiation. In the thermal model, the dependence of module surface temperature, electrical efficiency, and thermal efficiency on water flow velocity is investigated. The results obtained from the proposed electrical and thermal models are validated experimentally. The results showed that the maximum electrical, thermal and net energy efficiency values of cooled PV module are 9.92%, 55.6%, and 65.4%, respectively. Variation of water flow velocity experiences no significant temperature change in the coolant water exiting the module and results in a slight change of both the module surface temperature and electrical efficiency.

tThis study investigated experimentally the performance due to automatic cooling and surface cleaningof Photovoltaic (PV) module installed on the roof of a building in hot arid area as compared with thatof a module without cooling and cleaning. The module cooling is controlled automatically according tothe rear side temperature via rejection of none-converted solar-energy to the ambient to keep the PVmodule surface temperature always close to the ambient temperature. In addition, this system controlsthe cleaning period of the module front surface. The results showed a decrease of about 45.5% and 39% inmodule temperature at front and rear faces, respectively. Consequently, the cooled and surface cleanedmodule has an efficiency of 11.7% against 9% for the module without cooling and cleaning. Moreover, themaximum output power produced by cooled and cleaned module is 89.4 W against 68.4 W for non-cooledand non-cleaned module.

tThis study investigated experimentally the performance due to automatic cooling and surface cleaningof Photovoltaic (PV) module installed on the roof of a building in hot arid area as compared with thatof a module without cooling and cleaning. The module cooling is controlled automatically according tothe rear side temperature via rejection of none-converted solar-energy to the ambient to keep the PVmodule surface temperature always close to the ambient temperature. In addition, this system controlsthe cleaning period of the module front surface. The results showed a decrease of about 45.5% and 39% inmodule temperature at front and rear faces, respectively. Consequently, the cooled and surface cleanedmodule has an efficiency of 11.7% against 9% for the module without cooling and cleaning. Moreover, themaximum output power produced by cooled and cleaned module is 89.4 W against 68.4 W for non-cooledand non-cleaned module.

Abstract - The objective of this paper is to present an assessment of cost for a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle (FCV) driven by a brushless DC motor (BLDC). A two leg directly coupled interleaved boost converter is used to power the motor from the fuel cell through a three-phase inverter. The power rating of vehicle motor is calculated and subsequently the rating of the fuel cell is determined. The cost of vehicle components including fuel cell stack, boost converter, brushless DC motor and hydrogen tank is estimated. The cost of FCV, the refueling cost, the market price and the efficiency of FCV are compared with those for internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). CO2 emission from the conventional ICE and HEV vehicles as well as the CO2 tax are compared with the proposed zero-emission FCV.

Abstract - The objective of this paper is to present an assessment of cost for a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle (FCV) driven by a brushless DC motor (BLDC). A two leg directly coupled interleaved boost converter is used to power the motor from the fuel cell through a three-phase inverter. The power rating of vehicle motor is calculated and subsequently the rating of the fuel cell is determined. The cost of vehicle components including fuel cell stack, boost converter, brushless DC motor and hydrogen tank is estimated. The cost of FCV, the refueling cost, the market price and the efficiency of FCV are compared with those for internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). CO2 emission from the conventional ICE and HEV vehicles as well as the CO2 tax are compared with the proposed zero-emission FCV.

Abstract - The objective of this paper is to develop a model for a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle driven by a brushless DC motor. A two leg directly coupled interleaved boost converter is used to power the motor from the fuel cell through a three-phase inverter. The studied system of the fuel-cell vehicle is designed and simulated using the commercial PSIM9 software. Due the presence of power converters, different harmonic components exist in the system, especially in the input voltage/current to the motor. The ripple contents of current and voltage at the fuel cell output and the motor input are estimated. An active power filter is designed in order to reduce the current and voltage harmonics of brushless DC motor. The instantaneous active and reactive current components id-iq control method is used in this study to lessen the harmonic contents at the input of the Brushless DC motor to the standard values.

Abstract - The objective of this paper is to develop a model for a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle driven by a brushless DC motor. A two leg directly coupled interleaved boost converter is used to power the motor from the fuel cell through a three-phase inverter. The studied system of the fuel-cell vehicle is designed and simulated using the commercial PSIM9 software. Due the presence of power converters, different harmonic components exist in the system, especially in the input voltage/current to the motor. The ripple contents of current and voltage at the fuel cell output and the motor input are estimated. An active power filter is designed in order to reduce the current and voltage harmonics of brushless DC motor. The instantaneous active and reactive current components id-iq control method is used in this study to lessen the harmonic contents at the input of the Brushless DC motor to the standard values.

Abstract - The objective of this paper is to develop a model for a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle driven by a brushless DC motor. A two leg directly coupled interleaved boost converter is used to power the motor from the fuel cell through a three-phase inverter. The studied system of the fuel-cell vehicle is designed and simulated using the commercial PSIM9 software. Due the presence of power converters, different harmonic components exist in the system, especially in the input voltage/current to the motor. The ripple contents of current and voltage at the fuel cell output and the motor input are estimated. An active power filter is designed in order to reduce the current and voltage harmonics of brushless DC motor. The instantaneous active and reactive current components id-iq control method is used in this study to lessen the harmonic contents at the input of the Brushless DC motor to the standard values.

Egyptian policymakers and researchers have been working to address the challenge of bridging the gap between limited water resources and the growing population’s needs for agricultural and food production. The National Great Project for Lining and Rehabilitation of All Open Canals of the Irrigation Network aims to reduce irrigation water losses through seepage, evaporation, and evapotranspiration. This study evaluated water losses from the Al Maanna canal network in the Assiut governorate, Middle Egypt, using empirical formulas and field ponding methods. The results show the Moleth–Worth formula was more compatible with field measurements, with estimated seepage losses of 2.07 and 2.20 million m³/month, respectively. Moreover, maximum evaporation and evapotranspiration losses were 0.086 and 1.133 million m³/month, respectively. Consequently, total water losses from the Al Maanna canal are estimated to be 3.42 million m³/month, accounting for 13.63% of the total discharge. After canal rehabilitation, evaporation and evapotranspiration losses significantly decreased, while seepage losses were lowered to 0.472 million m³/month, as estimated using the field ponding method. Hence, lining the Al Maanna canal network could reduce water losses by 84%, promoting lining processes that yield significant benefits such as moral, cultural, and environmental benefits. This approach outweighs implementation expenses and ensures a sustainable water supply.