The non-oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol is considered a promising method for producing formaldehyde (FA), where the resulting anhydrous formaldehyde is perfect for the use in the subsequent generation of oxygenated synthetic fuels. In the current investigation, a series of Zr(MoO₄)₂ nanoaggregates, as a novel solid acid catalyst, were hydrothermally fabricated at different temperatures in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) as a surfactant. The original and calcined catalysts were characterized by TGA, DSC, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, HR-TEM, acidity and nitrogen sorption. Analyses revealed that the addition of TEA to the preparation procedures significantly enhanced the textural, acidic, and the catalytic performance of these catalysts. Acidity measurements reflected that the surface of these catalysts possessed Brønsted type of acidic sites of weak and intermediate strength. Catalytic activity results demonstrated that, Zr(MoO₄)₂ catalyst with Zr: TEA molar ratio of 1:1 (Z₁T₁) annealed at 400°C exhibited the maximum methanol conversion of 99% and 95% selectivity to formaldehyde at reaction temperature of 325°C. The remarkable catalytic performance was well correlated to the variation in acidity of the catalyst. This catalyst offered a long-term stability towards the production of formaldehyde for a period of time of 160 h with the same activity and selectivity. Also, this catalyst could be re-used for five time giving almost the same performance. The reason for this extreme catalytic activity and selectivity towards formaldehyde synthesis is the presence of weak and moderate strengthened Brønsted acid sites. In light of this, this work has produced an active, stable, and selective catalyst for the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde that is competitive with the most effective conventional and recently discovered catalysts.

The greatest, most destructive, and longest-lasting pollutant in several ecosystems is plastic. Plastic pollutants have fatal impacts on birds, worms, fish, turtles, seals, bivalves, and plankton in aquatic ecosystems. They cause physiological stress, toxicological injury, drowning, starvation, and decreased oxygen and light needed by organisms. Through their impacts on plankton, freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, plastics can change the global carbon cycle. When plastics degrade, they release hazardous substances, microplastics, cellulosic microfibers, and metals into the water and soil, eventually making their way into the food webs. Plastic pollutants in the food chain can alter gene expressions, protein expression, and brain development, and cause disturbed feeding behavior, inflammation, slow growth, and decreased respiration rates. Mycoremediation (fungal-based biodegradation) of plastic pollutants is an efficient, affordable, accessible, and environmentally acceptable method of removing contaminants. Fungi remove plastic pollutants using nonspecific or enzymatic processes. In our chapter, we will cover the current state of plastic pollution, its harmful impacts on diverse life forms, as well as the mycoremediation techniques and mechanisms of plastic pollutants.

The main aim of the present work is to give some interesting the q-analogues of various q-recurrence
relations, q-recursion formulas, q-partial derivative relations, q-integral representations, transformation and
summation formulas for bibasic Humbert hypergeometric functions 1 and 2 on two independent bases q and
p of two variables, believed to be new, by using the conception of q-calculus. Finally, some interesting special
cases and straightforward identities connected with bibasic Humbert hypergeometric series of the types 1 and
2 are established when the two independent bases q and p are equal.

In this study, we developed an approach to enhance the separation and transfer of charge carriers for photoelectrochemical water splitting in solar-driven hydrogen production. We achieved this by designing a highly efficient Z-scheme TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/ZnO photoanode. The process involved electrodepositing a thin TiO₂ layer on FTO and optimizing the in situ ZnO implantation onto g-C₃N₄. These composites were confirmed by XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM measurements. The growth of ZnO on g-C₃N₄ resulted in strong chemical adhesion between the interface of ZnO and g-C₃N₄, as supported by XPS data, and increased active surface area, as demonstrated by BET. The composition of ZnO and g-C₃N₄ facilitated rapid charge separation and retarded change recombination through directional charge migration and decreased charge resistance, as evidenced by PEIS and TRPL measurements. Our airbrushing procedure for fabricating the g-C₃N₄/ZnO composite on TiO₂ also enhanced the charge collection efficiency, enabling us to construct a high-performance photoanode. The Z-scheme-type charge migration route was verified by EPR spectroscopy by trapping the radicals generated by charges and holes. PEC-WS measurements showed that TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/ZnO heterostructure improved the produced photocurrent by about 160-, 40-, 20-, 8-, 2-, and 2-fold, relative to pristine g-C₃N₄, pristine ZnO nanorods, ZnO/g-C₃N₄ composite, pristine TiO₂, TiO₂/ZnO, and TiO₂/g-C₃N₄, respectively, versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at 1.23 V. The charge carriers’ separation and injection measurements showed that the fabrication of this ternary photoanode remarkably improved the PEC-WS performance. DFT results contributed to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the photocatalytic process and confirmed that the as-fabricated ternary heterojunction promoted the separation/transfer efficiency of the photogenerated charge carriers, thereby promoting the activity of the photocatalytic process. This work could pave the way for better fabrication of ternary-based photoanodes.

So far, achieving high apparent quantum yield (AQY) in polymeric photocatalysts at wavelengths up to 500 nm has never been achieved. Covalent organic polymers (COPs) have the advantage of high structure function tunability. However, despite decades of development, COPs still lag in achieving high AQY value, highlighting the need for an optimal COP structural design for efficient photocatalysis. Herein, we present a green synthetic approach to synthesize five hydrophilic and non-conjugated linkage with D-π-A system benzoin-based COPs by self-condensation of multiformly monomers. Charge kinetic carrier and femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TAS) demonstrate the efficient charge transport of benzoin-based COPs. Among the synthesized photocatalysts, B-PyTT-COP (D-π-A) outperforms the COP family, with an excellent HER of 233.81 µmol h⁻¹ (77935 µmol g⁻¹h⁻¹) using Platinum as co-catalyst. Remarkedly, B-PyTT-COP has achieved an exceptional ability to generate a high AQY value at 500 nm (65.35 %), surpassing all other materials examined thus far.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production through water splitting provides a promising route towards renewable energy generation. However, constructing photocatalytically active covalent organic frameworks with high charge separation remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the use of 2D imide–imine-based covalent organic frameworks as new photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under visible light irradiation. The main achievement is incorporating donor and dual acceptors, including weak electron-deficient imine and strong electron-deficient imide groups within the 2D COF backbone that create favorable push–pull–pull intramolecular charge transfer to promote charge separation after photoexcitation. DFT and NBO calculations revealed the strong integration of donor and dual acceptors with a synergistic interplay enhancing spatial charge transfer and separation. The synthesized COFs show significantly high thermal stability >400 °C with a high energy barrier for degradation. Moreover, Py-DNII-COF exhibited a 104-fold enhancement in hydrogen evolution compared to TFPB-DNII-COF. Py-DNII-COF demonstrated excellent stability and hydrogen evolution of 625 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ over 48 hours.

Background: Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been applied widely in several energy storage applications. Triphenylamine derivatives are good electrode materials that can be processed into SC devices because of their high charge mobilities, unique electronic properties, and high redox activity. Methods: We prepared two novel tetrabenzonaphthalene-linked conjugated microporous polymers (TBN-pH CMPs) through [4 + 2] and [4 + 3] Schiff-base condensations of 2,7,10,15-tetra(4-formylphenyl)tetrabenzonaphthalene (TBN-PhCHO) with tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)ethene (TPE-4NH2) and tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (TPA-3NH2), respectively. Fourier transform infrared, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy investigated the structures of the as-prepared CMPs. Significant Findings: These CMPs, had large surface areas and outstanding thermal stability at temperatures of up to 400 ◦C, making them suitable for use as electrodes in supercapacitor (SC) systems. Indeed, the TBN-TPA CMP–based electrode had high specific capacitances (251 F g − 1 measured at 0.5 A g–1 ) and capacity retentions (94%, measured after 5000 cycles at 10 A g–1 ) when tested in three-electrode systems. We attribute the remarkable electrochemical activity and conductivity of the TBN-TPA CMP electrode to its large specific surface area (230 m2 g–1 ) and chemical structure featuring stacking of the benzene rings of its redox-active triphenylamine moieties.

Various energy storage systems widely utilizeconjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) due to their porousarchitecture and expansive surface area, which facilitate efficient iontransport and storage. In our research, we developed twoanthraquinone (ATQ)-based CMPs (ATQ-CMPs) through aSonogashira coupling method. We used 2,6-dibromoanthraquinone(ATQ-Br2), a redox-active precursor, as a building monomer alongwith an ethynyl derivative of triphenylamine (TPA-T) andtetrabenzonaphthalene (TBN-T) to afford TPA-ATQ CMP andTBN-ATQ CMP, respectively. We employed techniques, such asthermogravimetric analysis, high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), andFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to characterizethe structure and thermal properties of these ATQ-CMPs. The TBN-ATQ CMP displayed extensive Brunauer−Emmett−Teller(BET) surface areas (SBET = 161 m2 g−1) and remarkable thermal stability (temperatures of up to 605 °C). These properties made itan excellent candidate for supercapacitor (SC) electrode materials. The electrodes fabricated using the TBN-ATQ CMP exhibited anexceptionally significant specific capacitance of 393 F g−1 when tested at a current density of 1 A g−1. After 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1,TBN-ATQ CMP still had 74.2% capacitance in a three-electrode setup. We also made a symmetrical device using the TBN-ATQCMP. This device had a capacitance of 175 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and was very stable over 2000 cycles, keeping 92.8% of its capacitance.The TBN-ATQ CMP electrode has better electrochemical performance because it has a redox-active ATQ unit and high SBET. Ourfindings pave the way for simple methods of developing and producing efficient CMP materials using TBN and ATQ for high-performance SCs in both three- and two-electrode configurations

Single-atom-supported metal oxides have attracted extensive interest in energy catalysis, offering a promising avenue for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. This study presents a facile synthesis of single-atom Fe-modified Bi₂WO₆ photocatalysts. By carefully tuning the Fe ratios, the 1.5Fe-Bi₂WO₆ sample demonstrates exceptional photocatalytic efficiency in CO₂ to CO reduction (36.78 μmol g⁻¹). Additionally, an outstanding NO removal performance is also achieved through this photocatalyst with an impressively low conversion of toxic NO₂ at just 0.37%. The reaction intermediates and mechanisms governing the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ into CO are elucidated using in situ DRIFTS and in situ XAS techniques. Regarding NO removal, the introduction of Fe single-atoms, along with induced oxygen vacancies, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the transformation of NO and NO₂ into nitrate by stabilizing NO and NO₂ species. Mechanistic insights into photocatalytic NO oxidation are garnered through scavenger trapping and EPR experiments employing DMPO. This study emphasizes single-atom-supported metal oxide's potential in sustainable chemistry and air purification, providing a promising solution for urgent environmental challenges.

Solar-driven CO₂ reduction holds great promise for sustainable energy, yet the role of atomic active sites in governing intermediate formation and conversion remains poorly understood. Herein, a synergistic strategy using Ni single atoms (SAs) and surface oxygen vacancies (O_v) is reported to regulate the CO₂ reduction pathway on the Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst. Combining in-situ techniques and theoretical modeling, the reaction mechanism and the structure-activity relationship is elucidated. In-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy identifies Bi and Ni as active sites, and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy demonstrates that adsorption of H₂O and CO₂ readily forms CO₃²⁻ species on the O_v-rich catalyst. Optimally balancing Ni SAs and O_v lowers the energy barrier for the formation and dehydration of a key COOH intermediate, leading to favorable CO formation and desorption. Consequently, a superior CO production efficiency of 53.49 µmol g^‒1 is achieved, surpassing previous reports on Bi₂WO₆-based catalysts for gas-phase CO₂ photoreduction.