Single-phase NiCo₂O₄ (NCO) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average particle size of 12 (±3.5) nm were successfully synthesized as aggregates in urchin-like nanofibers via a hydrothermal route. Magnetization data measured as functions of temperature and magnetic field suggest a superparamagnetic-like behavior at room temperature, a ferrimagnetic transition around a Curie temperature T_C ∼ 200 K, and a spin blocking transition at a blocking temperature T_B ∼ 90 K, as observed at a field of 100 Oe. The spin blocking nature has been investigated by analyses of the field-dependence of T_B in the static magnetization and its frequency-dependence in the ac susceptibility data measured in zero-field cooling regime, both indicate a low-temperature spin glass-like state. Below T_B, the coercivity increases monotonically up to 1.7 kOe with decreasing temperature down to 5 K. Our results indicate that the magnetic behavior of NCO NPs, which is mainly determined by the cations' ratio, oxidation states, and site-occupancy, can be controlled by a synthesis in appropriate particle size and morphology.

NiCr₂O₄ nanoparticles with average particle size ∼15 nm, a single-domain size maintains the bulk canted antiferromagnetic ground state, were synthesized by a microwave combustion method. The magnetic behavior was carefully investigated by static and dynamic magnetic susceptibility measurements. In addition to a spin-glass-like behavior below paramagnetic-ferrimagnetic transition at T_C, the NiCr₂O₄ nanoparticles demonstrate a low-temperature cluster spin glass transition below the spin canting transition T_S, which manifests itself as a magnetic anomaly peak around ∼12 K (at 100 Oe) in the zero-field cooled magnetization with a relatively stronger field dependence in a 'de Almeida-Thouless' line for spin glasses. The AC susceptibility analyses in different approaches demonstrate a larger relative peak temperature variation per frequency decade and a longer characteristic relaxation time in the order of 0.04 and 10⁻⁷ s, against 0.01 and 10⁻⁹ s for the high-temperature blocking, indicating the slow spin dynamics for the low-temperature cluster glassy phase. A field-temperature magnetic phase diagram is proposed for the single-domain NiCr₂O₄ nanoparticles.

This study presents the effects of gamma (γ) radiation exposure on zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and elucidates the impact of irradiation on the material. Two different ZIF materials, namely, three-dimensional (3D) crystals (ZIF-8) and two-dimensional (2D) crystals (ZIF-L), were investigated. The oxidation environment of γ-radiation (1.3 kGy h− 1) caused the phase transformation of both ZIF-8 and ZIF-L into ZIF-L materials, creating point defects. A yellow-orange colored ZIF-L was obtained from both materials. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Tauc plots, and electrochemical measurements (cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using Nyquist plots). γZIF-8 and γZIF-L showed broad …

Hydrogen gas has been considered as an alternative energy source. We enhanced the photocatalytic water splitting of titanium oxide (TiO₂) by employing copper-based nanoparticles as cocatalysts. Copper trimesate (CuTM) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) served as a precursor for synthesizing copper-based nanomaterials through carbonization in air and an inert argon gas environment. A mixed-valence materials were synthesized, including metallic copper (Cu0) and copper oxides, i.e., CuO or Cu₂O. The photocatalysts CuTM/TiO₂, CuTM_Ar/TiO₂, and CuTM_Air/TiO₂ exhibited initial and cumulative hydrogen generation rates (HGRs) of 22.8 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ and 107.9 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹; 25.5 and 120.7 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹; and 13.8 and 72.1 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹, respectively. All cocatalysts enhance TiO₂ photocatalysis. Carbonized CuTM in an argon atmosphere enhanced HGR values significantly compared to CuTM and air-carbonized CuTM. The heterojunction established between the synthesized cocatalysts and the photocatalyst TiO₂ is the primary factor contributing to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the composite relative to its unmodified photocatalyst. The mechanism of improvement was discussed based on data derived from various analytical techniques, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoelectrochemical measurements, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

In this work, we investigate the synthesis problem of slant spacelike ruled
surfaces and associated Bertrand offsets (BO) in E3
1 (Minkowsk 3-space). We
provide the parametric equation for a non-developable spacelike ruled surface
(SLRS) by using the Blaschke frame (BF). This results in the amplitude to
control a family of curvature functions defining the domestic form of this
SLRS. Therefore, we found the appropriate SLRS criteria to be slant SLRS.
Thus, several new Bertrand offsets (BO) for slant SLRS are investigated and
constructed.

A timelike (T L) constant axis ruled surface in E3
1 (Minkowski 3-space), as determined
by its ruling, forms a constant dual angle with its Disteli-axis (striction axis or curvature axis). In
this article, we employ the symmetry through point geometry of Lorentzian dual curves and the line
geometry of T L ruled surfaces. This produces the capability to expound a set of curvature functions
that specify the local configurations of T L ruled surfaces. Then, we gain some new constant axis
ruled surfaces in Lorentzian line space and their geometrical illustrations. Further, we also earn
several organizations among a T L constant axis ruled surface and its striction curve.

In this paper, we investigate and specify the Bertrand offsets of slant ruled and developable
surfaces in Euclidean 3-space E3. This is accomplished by utilizing the symmetry of slant curves. As
a consequence of this, we present the parameterization of the Bertrand offsets for any slant ruled and
developable surfaces. In addition to this, we investigate the monarchies of these ruled surfaces and
assign them their own unique classification. Also, we illustrate some examples of slant ruled surfaces.

In this treatise, several relationships are improved for the axodes of one-parameter
spatial movements. Results are devised in some theorems which characterize many kinematical and
geometrical properties of the movements employing the geometrical data of the stationary and movable
axodes. An example illustrates the application of the formulae derived. Our findings contribute
to a greater understanding of the similarities between spatial movements and axodes, with possible
applications in fields such as mechanical engineering.

This study examines the local singularities of tube surfaces, especially those of swept
surfaces (S S ) in Euclidean 3-space E3. S S is created by moving a planar curve through space such that
the trajectory of any point on the surface remains perpendicular to the plane. The Type-2 Bishop frame
is considered, and the singularities of these S S are analyzed. Examples are oered and illustrated.

Camel whey protein (CWP) offers various health benefits, including immune enhancement, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. It also possesses antioxidant activity. However, its limited efficacy and stability restrict its broader application. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline materials composed of multiple organic groups and metal ions, known for their unique structural properties. In this study, we aimed to synthesize and evaluate the biological activity of a CWP-Co-MOF conjugate. The structural characterization of the synthesized materials was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The comparison of the XRD and FTIR patterns of ZIF-67, CWP and CWP-Co-MOF conjugate indicate successful conjugation of CWP with ZIF-67, confirming the structural integrity of the conjugate. The EDX maps further corroborate the effective conjugation of CWP with ZIF-67. The conjugated CWP-MOF nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited promising antioxidant activity, as assessed by the DPPH assay. Furthermore, they showed more potent anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells and superior anticancer activity against HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines, as determined by the MTT assay and flow cytometry, compared to free CWP. Additionally, the CWP-MOF-NPs exhibited enhanced antimicrobial properties and increased efficacy as an anti-biofilm agent against pathogenic bacteria.