A series of new fluorene-heterocyclic sulfonamide conjugates were designed and synthesized as potential anticancer agents. In the design of the conjugates, heterocyclic ring systems were utilized for a plausible amplification of bioactivity. The new fluorene-based conjugates were thoroughly characterized and eval- uated for antibacterial and anticancer activity against selected bacterial strains and cancer cell lines. The conjugate 8 g , with a 4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidinyl group, exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity in- dex of 5.6 μM (IC 50 ) and 10.14, respectively, against HCT-116 cancer cell line, which was comparable and superior to standard doxorubicin. Additional clonogenicity, cell migration, and apoptosis induction assays demonstrated that the conjugate 8 g effectively inhibits the colony forming and cell migratory ability of HCT-116 cancer cells with significant apoptosis induction. Moreover, in silico analysis was carried out to understand their binding affinity at the DHPS receptor and all the analyzed conjugates exhibited supe- rior or similar affinity towards the target protein compared to sulfamerazine drug, which was used as control. Additionally, the ADME pharmacokinetics predictions, along with drug likeliness properties, were also investigated.

The leatherleaf slug Eleutherocaulis alte from Assiut Governorate, Egypt, was investigated using an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular, histological, and bioactivity analyses. Morphological characterization revealed a dorsoventrally flattened body with a brown dorsal surface marked by a pale median line, dark spots, and a narrow central foot. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing confirmed its identity as E. alte, showing 98.23% similarity to Laevicaulis alte, and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (OR162029). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated porous mucus-secreting surfaces essential for locomotion and adhesion, while histological examination revealed distinct secretory cell types within the epidermal and subepidermal layers, including a suprapedal gland producing mixed acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Bioactivity assays indicated that the crude mucus exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 7.8 µg/mL and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively. The crude mucus showed significantly greater antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as C. albicans compared to the corresponding positive controls (gentamicin or fluconazole; P < 0.05 − 0.001). However, it exhibited no inhibitory effect against Aspergillus niger, collectively, these findings provide novel taxonomic, anatomical, and biomedical insights into E. alte, and highlight its mucus as a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents.

In this manuscript, we study heat generation effects on Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in hybrid nanofluid (Tio2-Cu/Water) in a wavy porous cavity with a lid-driven using Local Thermal Non Equilibrium (LTNE) condition. The impacts of the inclined magnetic field, internal heat generation, and the volume of the solid fraction on the flow and heat structures are investigated. The dominant equations and the conditions of the boundaries are converted for dimensionless equations. This equation is solved numerically using the SIMPLER algorithm based on the finite volume method. The results are represented graphically by streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentrations, local Nusselt numbers, local Sherwood numbers, and average Nusselt numbers. The results showed that the isothermal wavy walls and the internal heat source had an essential effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the position of the heat source and large values of the heat generation parameter enhanced the rate of heat transfer and decreased the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. On the other hand, the rise of the Hartmann number restricted nanofluid transport. Moreover, the presence of a porous medium reduced the nanofluid velocity while enhancing the heat transport in the cavity.

This study investigates the thermal behavior and heat transfer characteristics of micropolar nanofluids within inclined containers featuring asymmetric solid boundaries. The system consists of a container with a finite-thickness solid part on the left wall and a solid wall along the right boundary, subjected to an inclined magnetic field and containing a heat source/ sink. Three coupled energy formulations are employed to model the system: the fluid temperature equation, the included medium temperature equation, and the heat conduction equation for solid walls. A comprehensive analysis explores the effects of the length and position of the solid part on thermal performance, using finite difference method simulations. The research introduces a novel approach by developing an artificial neural network to predict heat transfer rates based on numerical data. Key findings demonstrate that relocating the solid part away from the lower edge enhances fluid flow activity while reducing average heat transfer rates. Additionally, increasing the solid part’s length improves convective heat transfer characteristics. The developed ANN model shows excellent predictive capabilities, with target values approaching unity across all studied parameters, validating its effectiveness for thermal performance prediction in such complex systems.

This work aims to improve heat transmission a fundamental component of engineering and industrial processes, by examining entropy formation in magnetohydrodynamic natural convection inside an enclosure containing a saturated porous material under circumstances of local thermal non-equilibrium. The study utilizes an Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, with a cross-shaped obstacle and thermally elevated corners. The model employs a two-phase nanofluid methodology, the local thermal non-equilib rium approximation, and Darcy’s law to characterize the behavior of the porous medium. Numerical solutions to the governing partial differential equations are derived using the finite difference technique, with validation against prior work demonstrating strong concordance. The research investigates heat transfer rates and micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow by illustrating contours of nanofluid flow, isotherms for both fluid and solid phases, and distributions of stream function, temperature, and nanoparticle volume percent. Results demonstrate that positive heat sources (Q = 5) augment convective currents, whereas negative heat sinks (Q = − 15) diminish buoyancy effects and decrease efficiency. Moreover, elevating nanoparticle concentration (ϕ) enhances ther mal conductivity, markedly augmenting heat transfer efficiency in convection-dominated environments. The Cu-based hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated superior efficacy compared to Al2O3 by providing increased thermal conductivity, improved heat transfer, and less entropy production. The results underscore the need of optimizing heat transfer processes to reduce entropy generation and fluid friction irreversibility, thereby improving the efficiency of thermal systems.

Thecurrentmodeloutlinesthepropertiesofamicropolarhybridnanofluid(titaniumdioxide-copper/water)flowingthroughan inclined wavy porous cavity. The Cattaneo-Christov equation is utilized to describe the heated circular obstacle and heat flux within the cavity. Additionally, thermal radiation is taken into account. Buoyancy, which is affected by a consistent magnetic f ield(B0)atanangleandheatradiation(Rd),istheprimaryforcethatdrivestheflow.Thetemperatureoftheleftandrightwalls of the cavity is lower compared to the other sides, which are insulated and contain a heated circular obstacle. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are solved using the finite difference approach and are expressed in terms of streamlines, isotherms, iso-micro-rotations, vertical and micropolar velocity, average and local Nusselt number. The obtained results are confirmedwithpriornumericalinvestigations.Thepaperdiscussesseveralcharacteristics,includingtheheatsource,Hartmann number, thermal radiation, undulations, vortex viscosity parameter, and radius of the circular obstacle. As the heat-generating parameter rises, the vertical and horizontal walls observe a corresponding rise in the local Nusselt number. The vertical and micropolar velocities exhibit a diminishing trend as the Hartmann number (Ha) values increase. The average Nusselt number increases as the value of thermal radiation (Rd) rises. Wavy cavity analysis is employed in applications like cooling systems, building design, and cable systems.Thisresearchfacilitates innovative cooling technologies for high-performance computing, renewable energy systems, and next-generation automotive thermal managemen

Efficient heat transfer in inclined enclosures is critical for applications in thermal management, energy storage, and electronic cooling, yet the combined effects of micropolar nanofluids, porous media, and electromagnetic forces remain underexplored. This study investigates conjugate convective heat transfer in a porous inclined cavity filled with micropolar nanofluid under a tilted Lorentz force, where local thermal non-equilibrium is assumed between fluid and solid phases. The governing non linear equations are solved using the finite difference method (FDM), with adiabatic vertical walls and thermally conductive horizontal walls. To reduce computational cost, an artificial neural network (ANN) is trained on FDM-generated data to predict local Nusselt numbers. The results show that increasing the thickness of the solid wall from 0.05 to 0.3 reduces the maximum temperature by up to 84.28%, indicating improved thermal insulation characteristics. Additionally, higher solid volume fractions (up to 0.2) and stronger micropolar effects (vortex viscosity ratio up to 2.0) increase thermal resistance, resulting in a reduction in heat transfer of approximately 20%. Furthermore, enhancing the porosity of the medium from 0.1 to 0.9 leads to a 76.67% improvement in convective flow. This work advances the state of the art by coupling micropolar nanofluid dynamics, porous media, and tilted magnetic fields in inclined enclosures—an area not previously addressed with such detail. The integration of ANN with physics-based modeling offers a novel, high-fidelity, and computationally efficient framework for the optimization of complex thermal systems.

The significance of heat transfer and nanofluid flow in cavities with local heaters is investigated in the present study, crucial in numerous applications in engineering. The research focuses on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) with natural convection f low of Cu-water nanofluid inside a square cavity that includes a centrally positioned adiabatic block in square form. The enclosure features heated sections located proximate to all the corners (referred to as heated corners) with both the left and right wall sections being cooled. On the top and bottom walls, the remaining segments are adiabatic. This configuration sets the stage for exploring heat transfer dynamics and fluid behavior within the porous medium, offering insights into the thermal interactions within the cavity. The mathematical formulation of the problem is detailed in the subsequent section. Notably, it is clear that as heat source lengths increase, the local Nu number does as well (B) in all cases. The overall entropy generation is observed to diminish with a rise in the fraction of nanoparticle volume and the Rayleigh number. As the Hartmann number’s volume fraction rises, the average Nusselt number falls. Although the percentage of growth is higher for the rate of thermal performance, increasing the Darcy numbers improves the nanoparticle volume fraction. By raising the volume percentage of the nanoparticles, the total entropy creation is rising. The average Nu number falls with rising magnetic field strength

Thecurrent contributionemphasizesentropygenerationdue tobio-convection(Cu?TiO2)/H2O-modifiednano-liquid flowthroughtheL-shapedcavitywiththreeobstaclesconsideringtheaspectofgyrotacticmicroorganisms.Theactive sectionsofthebottomhorizontalandleftverticalwallsarepreservedcoolwhiletheotherportionsoftheporouscavityare insulated.ThefinitemethodisadoptedtosimulatethedimensionlessPDEsofthemodel.Theresultsdemonstratedhowthe influenceofthebio-convectionfactorsincreasesthedensityofmotilemicroorganisms.Ithasbeennotedthatthelocaland averageheat transmissionrateshaveincreasedwithhighervaluesof thelengthofcoldparts(heatsink), theverticaland horizontalwalls’ crest lengths, andnanoparticlevolume fraction. Largevalues of theRayleighnumber diminish the thermalperformancerate.Entropygeneration,localNusseltandSherwoodnumbers,anddensityofmotilemicroorganisms arealsoargued.

Inclinedsquarecavitiesplayacritical role inengineeringapplications,partic ularlyinthermalmanagement,energystorageandelectroniccooling,whereinclinationangles in°uence convectiveheat transfer.This studyexamines conjugate convectiveheat transfer withinaninclinedsquarecavity¯lledwithmicropolarnano°uidsunderatiltedLorentzforce usinga two-phasenano°uidmodel.The systemincludes aheat-generatingporousmedium underthermalnonequilibrium, introducingcomplexdynamics.Factorssuchasthermalbuoy ancy,°uid{solidheattransfercoe±cientandmicropolar°uidpropertiesareanalyzedfortheir impact onheat transfer e±ciency.Methods:The studyuses the¯nitedi®erencemethod (FDM) to solvenonlinear equations governingconvective°owandheat transfer.Physica