Abstract
Biofuel can be generated by different organisms using various substrates. The green alga Chlorococcum humicola
OQ934050 exhibited the capability to photosynthesize carbonate carbon, maybe via the activity of carbonic anhydrase
enzymes. The optimum treatment is C:N ratio of 1:1 (0.2 mmoles sodium carbonate and 0.2 mmoles sodium
nitrate) as it induced the highest dry mass (more than 0.5 mg.mL−1). At this combination, biomass were about 0.2 mg/
mL−1 carbohydrates, 0.085 mg/mL−1 proteins, and 0.16 mg/mL−1 oil of this dry weight. The C/N ratios of 1:1 or 10:1
induced up to 30% of the Chlorococcum humicola dry mass as oils. Growth and dry matter content were hindered
at 50:1 C/N and oil content was reduced as a result. The fatty acid profile was strongly altered by the applied C.N
ratios. The defatted leftovers of the grown alga, after oil extraction, were fermented by a newly isolated heterotrophic
bacterium, identified as Bacillus coagulans OQ053202, to evolve hydrogen content as gas. The highest cumulative
hydrogen production and reducing sugar (70 ml H2/
g biomass and 0.128 mg/ml; respectively) were found at the C/N
ratio of 10:1 with the highest hydrogen evolution efficiency (HEE) of 22.8 ml H2/
mg reducing sugar. The optimum
treatment applied to the Chlorococcum humicola is C:N ratio of 1:1 for the highest dry mass, up to 30% dry mass
as oils. Some fatty acids were induced while others disappeared, depending on the C/N ratios. The highest cumulative
hydrogen production and reducing sugar were found at the C/N ratio of 10:1.

Casting light upon the impact of salinity stress on growth and nitrogen fixation of Vicia faba supplemented with
Rhizobium has been traced in this work. How Ca2+
antagonizes Na+
toxicity and osmotic stress of NaCl was also targeted in
isosmotic combinations of NaCl and CaCl2
having various Na+:
Ca2+ ratios. Growth of Vicia faba (cultivar Giza 3) was studied
at two stages: germination and seedling. At both experiments, seeds or seedlings were exposed to successively increasing
salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl) as well as isosmotic combinations of NaCl and CaCl2
(
Na+:Ca2+ of 1:1,
1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:18, and 1: 20), equivalent to 150 mM NaCl. Inocula of the local nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum
(OP715892) were supplemented at both stages. NaCl salinity exerted a negative impact on growth and metabolism
of Vicia faba; inhibition was proportional with increasing salinity level up to the highest level of 200 mM. Seed germination,
shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll content, and nodules (number, weight, leghemoglobin, respiration,
and nitrogenase activity) were inhibited by salinity. Ca2+
substitution for Na+,
particularly at a Na/Ca ratio of 1:5, was
stimulatory to almost all parameters at both stages. Statistical correlations between salinity levels and Na/Ca combinations
proved one of the four levels (strong- or weak positive, strong- or weak negative) with most of the investigated parameters,
depending on the parameter.

Purpose Application of cellulolytic bacteria for hydrogen production has dual benefits in the removal of wastes and as a
source of energy without prior treatment strategies. The main purpose of the current study to investigate the effect of calcium
oxide (CaO) nanoparticles on the dark fermentative generation of hydrogen by a pure cellulolytic bacterial strain using wheat
bran as a lignocellulosic feedstock.
Method In the current study, cellulose-decomposing bacteria Rossellomorea marisflavi strain Asu10 was tested for dark
fermentative biohydrogen production using wheat bran as a substrate. The impact of calcium chloride (
CaCl2) and CaONPs
on biohydrogen production was assessed.
Results The results revealed that the optimum conditions for bacterial utilization of wheat bran were at pH 7.0, 20 g/L substrate
concentration, and 120 rpm shaking after 48 h. The optimum hydrogen yields obtained were 2.1 and 0.9 mol H2/
mole
reducing sugars in a wheat bran fermentation media supplemented with 20 μg/mL of CaONPs and CaCl2;
respectively. The
optimum energy conversion efficiency (50.2%) was detected at the same concentration of CaONPs. However, the optimum
wheat bran saccharification yield (112.5%) was determined at 10 μg/mL CaONPs.
Conclusion The current study suggests the application of cellulolytic isolate R. marisflavi strain Asu10 as a promising tool
for the renewable production of biohydrogen from agricultural lignocellulosic substrates without the need for pretreatment,
the use of CaONPs as a catalyst to increase bio-H2 productivity by strain.

Tartrazine (Tz) is a commonly used artificial food colorant which adversely impacts the health status. A broad spectrum of literatures indicates that gallic acid (GA) exert antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of four fold permitted dose of Tz as well as protective effects of GA on Tz-induced renotoxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Tz was orally administered daily at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight alone, in combination with GA (TG) and a group of Tz intoxicated rats was allowed to be recovered, the experiment continued for 30 days. GA administration decreased the levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid. Furthermore, it increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, glutathione, nitric oxide and blood glucose while it decreased lipid peroxide compared with Tz treated group. Whereas, Tz recovery group (TR) enhanced some of toxic manifestations on kidney function caused by Tz. Histological investigation revealed that Tz induced many areas of leukocytic infiltration around congested blood vessels and renal tubules, hemorrhage between renal tubules and necrosis of many tubular cells. Moreover, it increased the amounts of collagen fiber and negative PAS reaction in many tubular cells. On the other hand, TG and the recovery groups reduced the deteriorations in histo-architecture and cellular structure caused by Tz exposure. In conclusion, Tz induces many extensive biochemical and histological changes meanwhile GA and recovery period could abolish or improve these changes.

Our study helps to evaluate the immune response, antioxidative status, and resistance against heat stress (HS) in Clarias gariepinus treated with propolis extraction; the results will contribute to theories of fish physiology and immunity under high-temperature conditions. Forty-five fish were divided into three equal groups: the control, the HS group at 36 °C, and the HS treated with alcoholic extraction of propolis that dissolved in water for 3 weeks. The results of our study suggested that the stress response differs among tissues thymus, spleen, and liver. All the tissues showed alteration in morphological and cytological structure at the light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM); thymus showed edema and thymocyte destruction; the spleen detected collagen deposition, and the liver displayed endoplasmic reticulum amplification (ER). In addition, we examined oxidative stress and antioxidant

Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used colorants incorporated in the food manufacturing. Its toxicity is derived from metabolic byproducts representing health hazards to consumers. Gallic acid (GA) is known for its redox stabilizing, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible defensive effect of GA against Tz-induced testicular dysfunction. To achieve this objective, 18 male Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally categorized into three groups for 30 days. The control group received no treatment. Tz at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW was administered to the Tz group. The Tz + GA group received GA at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW in concurrent with the previously described Tz dosage. Both Tz and GA were supplemented orally once daily by a stomach tube.

Oxidant stress is an imbalance between radical-generating and radical-scavenging activity, resulting in oxidation products and tissue damage. The present study aimed to estimate oxidation and antioxidant status in blood of camels naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Blood samples from T. evansi-infected and healthy (control) female camels were used to determine the free radical nitric oxide (NO) generation in serum, malondialdehyde production in serum (sMDA) and erythrocyte (eMDA) as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, blood methemoglobin formation (MetHb, a biomarker of hemoglobin oxidation), the antioxidants serum ascorbate and albumin levels, erythrocytic glutathione concentration (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The infected camels were characterized by macrocytic hypochromic anemia. Trypanosomiasis in camels resulted in significant (P<0.001 

Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used artificial food colorants in the food industry, found in a wide array of products. This study investigates the protective role of gallic acid (GA), a powerful antioxidant, against the adverse effects of Tz on the liver. Over a 30-day period, 40 rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 (control group, 10 rats) received a daily administration of a vehicle, while Group 2 (30 rats) received Tz (30 mg/kg body weight). Group 2 was further subdivided into three subgroups of 10 rats each: Subgroup 1 served as a positive control for Tz; Subgroup 2 received GA (200 mg/kg body weight); and Subgroup 3 was left untreated for an additional 30 days as a recovery group (TR). Our study revealed that GA normalized liver functions markers (ALT, AST, and bilirubin), regulated lipids (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG), and ameliorated the redox potentials activity of liver tissue (Catalase, GSH