Occupational lead and cadmium exposure are important health issues in developing countries. This study aimed to detect toxic metal contents in raw materials used to make tiles and to assess exposure health impacts on workers. The study sample consisted of 74 tile workers, having a mean age of 35.2 years, in the Industrial City of Arab El Awamer, Assiut (Egypt). Elemental analysis of the raw materials was performed by using scanning electron microscopy. The data collection questionnaire was divided into two parts; the first included demographic data, symptoms attributed to toxic elements and possible sources of exposure to metals. The second part was designated to assess heavy metal exposure health impacts through clinical examination and biological

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.

Trauma is a wound or injury caused by mechanical or physical factors. Trauma is a medical case with legal implications. Revolution of Egypt in the 25th of January 2011 was accompanied by dramatic changes in the Egyptian community attitudes that certainly had legal implications. Aim of the study: was to assess the changes in the medico-legal pattern of hospitalized trauma cases with evaluation of the homicidal cases concerning the cause and the final outcome especially in the post-revolution period. Participants and Methods: This study was a retrospective one that included 1527 hospitalized trauma cases who were collected from Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and December 2016. All the needed data was collected from health information system database of the Trauma Unit after taking the official consent from the unit director. The collected data included basic demographic data, cause of injury, mechanisms, mode and outcomes of trauma in all hospitalized cases. Results: 1527 hospitalized trauma cases were collected; mean age was 25.39 ± 15.4 years, male: female ratio was (6.6:1). The annual number of trauma cases was almost equal in the first 5 years then decreased gradually after that. Homicidal mode (assault from others) was approximately doubled from 22.6% in 2010 (before revolution) to 40.5% in 2011 and 38.0% in 2012 (after revolution), then decreased gradually in 2014 till 2016, also firearm injuries increased from 9.6% before revolution (2010) to 14.3% in 2011 and jumped to 31.0% in 2012 and 37.3% in 2013 then, decreased gradually after that. The accidental mode road traffic accident decreased from 40% before revolution to 26% and 20% in 2011 and 2012 respectively (after revolution). Conclusions: January 25th Egyptian revolution clearly changed the medico-legal pattern of trauma; from accidental pattern (road traffic accidents & falls) before revolution to homicidal pattern (assault from others & firearm injuries) in the post revolution period.

Arthropods represent one of the most important invertebrates to arrive and colonize carrion. Objective: The present investigation aimed to determine the arthropods fauna of forensic importance that colonizes carrion in an aerated environment during Spring season in Assiut, Egypt. Methods: Experimental models rates were killed and divided into Seven groups three rats in each group. Group 1;Control, Group 2 ; Drowning, Group 3;Electro cusion, Group 4 ;Stab of the heart, Group5; Heart-abdomen stab, Group 6;Cold and Group 7; Burn. Rats were used to determine succession in an aerated area during the spring of 2018 in Assiut governorate,Egypt. Results: The present results indicated that the arthropods of forensic importance, represented by the thirteen taxa belong to phylum Arthropoda and 10 families, Family: Calliphoridae represented by Chrysomya albiceps (5%), Family: Muscidae represented by Musca domestica (33%), Family: Sarcophagidae represented by Sarcophaga sp.(23%), Wohlfahrtia magnifica (22 %)and Parasarcophaga orgyrostama( 2%), Family: Dermestidae represented by Dermestes maculates(1 %) and Dermestes frischi(1 %), Family: Histeridae represented by Saprinus sp. (4 %), Family: Pteromalidae represented by Nasonia sp. (2 %), Family: Lycosidae represented by spider ( 3%), Family: Pyroglyphidae represented by Dermatophagoides sp. (1 %), Family: Cimicidae represented by Cimex lectularis (2 %) and Family: Porcellionidae represented by Porcellionides pruinosus (1 %). Conclusion: The present investigation submitted a basis for further studies dealing with arthropods colonization of carrions.

Arthropods represent one of the most important invertebrates to arrive and colonize carrion. Objective: The present investigation aimed to determine the arthropods fauna of forensic importance that colonizes carrion in an aerated environment during Spring season in Assiut, Egypt. Methods: Experimental models rates were killed and divided into Seven groups three rats in each group. Group 1;Control, Group 2 ; Drowning, Group 3;Electro cusion, Group 4 ;Stab of the heart, Group5; Heart-abdomen stab, Group 6;Cold and Group 7; Burn. Rats were used to determine succession in an aerated area during the spring of 2018 in Assiut governorate,Egypt. Results: The present results indicated that the arthropods of forensic importance, represented by the thirteen taxa belong to phylum Arthropoda and 10 families, Family: Calliphoridae represented by Chrysomya albiceps (5%), Family: Muscidae represented by Musca domestica (33%), Family: Sarcophagidae represented by Sarcophaga sp.(23%), Wohlfahrtia magnifica (22 %)and Parasarcophaga orgyrostama( 2%), Family: Dermestidae represented by Dermestes maculates(1 %) and Dermestes frischi(1 %), Family: Histeridae represented by Saprinus sp. (4 %), Family: Pteromalidae represented by Nasonia sp. (2 %), Family: Lycosidae represented by spider ( 3%), Family: Pyroglyphidae represented by Dermatophagoides sp. (1 %), Family: Cimicidae represented by Cimex lectularis (2 %) and Family: Porcellionidae represented by Porcellionides pruinosus (1 %). Conclusion: The present investigation submitted a basis for further studies dealing with arthropods colonization of carrions.

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, recently has spread as a recreational drug. Its abuse lead to neurobehavioral disturbance in addition to toxic effects on other body organs. To evaluate the toxic effects of chronic administration of low ketamine doses on the memory, testicles, and erection, explore its pathophysiology through oxidative stress mechanism and examine the ameliorating effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A total of 40 male albino rats were assigned to control, vehicle, ketamine only I.P. (10 mg/kg), and ketamine (10 mg/kg) + NAC (150 mg/kg) groups. Assessment of memory affection and erectile function by Passive Avoidance, Novel Object Recognition, and copulatory tests were performed. Estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and prefrontal & hippocampal homogenate, and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone in serum were done. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and testes were collected for histopathology. Chronic ketamine administration induced significant memory deficits (P0.05), reduced erectile function (P0.05), severe hypospermatogenesis, increased MDA, reduced CAT, TAC levels in serum, and tissue homogenate (P0.05) and reduction of LH, and testosterone (P0.05). Treatment with NAC resulted in significant improvement of memory function, improved erectile function, and decrease in oxidative injury in both serum and tissue homogenates. Testosterone and LH levels exhibited significant difference between treatment groups and controls (P0.05). NAC reduced the deleterious histopathological changes. These data suggest that long-term ketamine affects short and long memory, induces erectile and testicular dysfunction through oxidative stress. Co-administration with NAC ameliorates these toxic effects.

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, recently has spread as a recreational drug. Its abuse lead to neurobehavioral disturbance in addition to toxic effects on other body organs. To evaluate the toxic effects of chronic administration of low ketamine doses on the memory, testicles, and erection, explore its pathophysiology through oxidative stress mechanism and examine the ameliorating effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A total of 40 male albino rats were assigned to control, vehicle, ketamine only I.P. (10 mg/kg), and ketamine (10 mg/kg) + NAC (150 mg/kg) groups. Assessment of memory affection and erectile function by Passive Avoidance, Novel Object Recognition, and copulatory tests were performed. Estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and prefrontal & hippocampal homogenate, and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone in serum were done. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and testes were collected for histopathology. Chronic ketamine administration induced significant memory deficits (P0.05), reduced erectile function (P0.05), severe hypospermatogenesis, increased MDA, reduced CAT, TAC levels in serum, and tissue homogenate (P0.05) and reduction of LH, and testosterone (P0.05). Treatment with NAC resulted in significant improvement of memory function, improved erectile function, and decrease in oxidative injury in both serum and tissue homogenates. Testosterone and LH levels exhibited significant difference between treatment groups and controls (P0.05). NAC reduced the deleterious histopathological changes. These data suggest that long-term ketamine affects short and long memory, induces erectile and testicular dysfunction through oxidative stress. Co-administration with NAC ameliorates these toxic effects.

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, recently has spread as a recreational drug. Its abuse lead to neurobehavioral disturbance in addition to toxic effects on other body organs. To evaluate the toxic effects of chronic administration of low ketamine doses on the memory, testicles, and erection, explore its pathophysiology through oxidative stress mechanism and examine the ameliorating effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A total of 40 male albino rats were assigned to control, vehicle, ketamine only I.P. (10 mg/kg), and ketamine (10 mg/kg) + NAC (150 mg/kg) groups. Assessment of memory affection and erectile function by Passive Avoidance, Novel Object Recognition, and copulatory tests were performed. Estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and prefrontal & hippocampal homogenate, and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone in serum were done. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and testes were collected for histopathology. Chronic ketamine administration induced significant memory deficits (P0.05), reduced erectile function (P0.05), severe hypospermatogenesis, increased MDA, reduced CAT, TAC levels in serum, and tissue homogenate (P0.05) and reduction of LH, and testosterone (P0.05). Treatment with NAC resulted in significant improvement of memory function, improved erectile function, and decrease in oxidative injury in both serum and tissue homogenates. Testosterone and LH levels exhibited significant difference between treatment groups and controls (P0.05). NAC reduced the deleterious histopathological changes. These data suggest that long-term ketamine affects short and long memory, induces erectile and testicular dysfunction through oxidative stress. Co-administration with NAC ameliorates these toxic effects.

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, recently has spread as a recreational drug. Its abuse lead to neurobehavioral disturbance in addition to toxic effects on other body organs. To evaluate the toxic effects of chronic administration of low ketamine doses on the memory, testicles, and erection, explore its pathophysiology through oxidative stress mechanism and examine the ameliorating effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A total of 40 male albino rats were assigned to control, vehicle, ketamine only I.P. (10 mg/kg), and ketamine (10 mg/kg) + NAC (150 mg/kg) groups. Assessment of memory affection and erectile function by Passive Avoidance, Novel Object Recognition, and copulatory tests were performed. Estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and prefrontal & hippocampal homogenate, and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone in serum were done. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and testes were collected for histopathology. Chronic ketamine administration induced significant memory deficits (P0.05), reduced erectile function (P0.05), severe hypospermatogenesis, increased MDA, reduced CAT, TAC levels in serum, and tissue homogenate (P0.05) and reduction of LH, and testosterone (P0.05). Treatment with NAC resulted in significant improvement of memory function, improved erectile function, and decrease in oxidative injury in both serum and tissue homogenates. Testosterone and LH levels exhibited significant difference between treatment groups and controls (P0.05). NAC reduced the deleterious histopathological changes. These data suggest that long-term ketamine affects short and long memory, induces erectile and testicular dysfunction through oxidative stress. Co-administration with NAC ameliorates these toxic effects.