OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to find out if there is a relation between hookworm infection and the therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, hospital-based study. The study included 231 naïve patients with pulmonary TB, consecutively. Patients were evaluated at the 4th month of therapy for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. All patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations (including sputum culture and stool microscopic examination), and imaging studies (abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography). RESULTS: The study population mean age was 42.7±13.9 years old with 26.8% of them 40 years old or more. Out of 231 patients, 133 (57.6%) were men. Therapeutic failure rate of pulmonary TB was 29.4%. Hookworm infection was diagnosed among 16.5% of patients and 27.7% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Using multivariate analysis, it was found that age of 40 years or more (odds ratio [OR] 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-41.3; p=.009), hookworm infection (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2-49.9; p=.034), and DM (OR 5.9; 1.2-28; p=.027) were independently associated with therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB among the study population with pulmonary TB. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the rate of therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB is high. Besides older age and DM, hookworm infection can reduce the therapeutic response of pulmonary TB. Screening for and control of DM and hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary TB may improve their therapeutic response.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to find out if there is a relation between hookworm infection and the therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, hospital-based study. The study included 231 naïve patients with pulmonary TB, consecutively. Patients were evaluated at the 4th month of therapy for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. All patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations (including sputum culture and stool microscopic examination), and imaging studies (abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography). RESULTS: The study population mean age was 42.7±13.9 years old with 26.8% of them 40 years old or more. Out of 231 patients, 133 (57.6%) were men. Therapeutic failure rate of pulmonary TB was 29.4%. Hookworm infection was diagnosed among 16.5% of patients and 27.7% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Using multivariate analysis, it was found that age of 40 years or more (odds ratio [OR] 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-41.3; p=.009), hookworm infection (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2-49.9; p=.034), and DM (OR 5.9; 1.2-28; p=.027) were independently associated with therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB among the study population with pulmonary TB. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the rate of therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB is high. Besides older age and DM, hookworm infection can reduce the therapeutic response of pulmonary TB. Screening for and control of DM and hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary TB may improve their therapeutic response.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to find out if there is a relation between hookworm infection and the therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, hospital-based study. The study included 231 naïve patients with pulmonary TB, consecutively. Patients were evaluated at the 4th month of therapy for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. All patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations (including sputum culture and stool microscopic examination), and imaging studies (abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography). RESULTS: The study population mean age was 42.7±13.9 years old with 26.8% of them 40 years old or more. Out of 231 patients, 133 (57.6%) were men. Therapeutic failure rate of pulmonary TB was 29.4%. Hookworm infection was diagnosed among 16.5% of patients and 27.7% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Using multivariate analysis, it was found that age of 40 years or more (odds ratio [OR] 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-41.3; p=.009), hookworm infection (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2-49.9; p=.034), and DM (OR 5.9; 1.2-28; p=.027) were independently associated with therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB among the study population with pulmonary TB. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the rate of therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB is high. Besides older age and DM, hookworm infection can reduce the therapeutic response of pulmonary TB. Screening for and control of DM and hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary TB may improve their therapeutic response.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to find out if there is a relation between hookworm infection and the therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, hospital-based study. The study included 231 naïve patients with pulmonary TB, consecutively. Patients were evaluated at the 4th month of therapy for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. All patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations (including sputum culture and stool microscopic examination), and imaging studies (abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography). RESULTS: The study population mean age was 42.7±13.9 years old with 26.8% of them 40 years old or more. Out of 231 patients, 133 (57.6%) were men. Therapeutic failure rate of pulmonary TB was 29.4%. Hookworm infection was diagnosed among 16.5% of patients and 27.7% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Using multivariate analysis, it was found that age of 40 years or more (odds ratio [OR] 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-41.3; p=.009), hookworm infection (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2-49.9; p=.034), and DM (OR 5.9; 1.2-28; p=.027) were independently associated with therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB among the study population with pulmonary TB. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the rate of therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB is high. Besides older age and DM, hookworm infection can reduce the therapeutic response of pulmonary TB. Screening for and control of DM and hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary TB may improve their therapeutic response.

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Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary cancer of liver. Epidemiologic research exploring risk factors of HCC is important because of increasing frequency of the disease in Egypt with remarkable rise in noncirrhotic patients. Identifying risk factors of HCC may help in decreasing its incidence. Aim: This study was carried out to identify risk factors of HCC among both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients in Upper Egypt. Methods: A case control study of 104 cases with HCC against 104 controls without HCC were recruited from Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital; patients were from the governorates of Assiut, Sohag, Qena, and Aswan. Patients were divided into two groups, cirrhotics and noncirrhotics. For all participants, the following was conducted: clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography examination, and laboratory investigations. Risk factors of HCC were identified using univariate then multivariate analysis. Results: Cirrhotic patients constituted 60.6% of the total sample while noncirrhotic patients constituted 39.4%. Among cirrhotic patients, higher risk of HCC was observed with underground water use (OR 15.825, 95% CI 4.462-56.128), tobacco smoking (OR 7.755, 95% CI 2.790-21.558), and metabolic syndrome (OR 5.595, 95% CI 1.565-20.009), While risk factors of HCC in noncirrhotic patients were found to be positive HBsAg (OR 15.223, 95% CI 2.009-115.352), tobacco smoking (OR 8.349, 95% CI 2.113-32.982), metabolic syndrome (OR 7.374, 95% CI 1.635-33.266), and manual agricultural job (OR 7.001, 95% CI 1.604- 30.648). Conclusion: Distinct patterns of HCC risk factors exist among cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, with a common ground. The risk factor of HCC in cirrhotic patients was underground water use while chronic HBV infection and manual agricultural job were risk factors in noncirrhotic patients. For both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome were common risk factors of HCC.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary cancer of liver. Epidemiologic research exploring risk factors of HCC is important because of increasing frequency of the disease in Egypt with remarkable rise in noncirrhotic patients. Identifying risk factors of HCC may help in decreasing its incidence. Aim: This study was carried out to identify risk factors of HCC among both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients in Upper Egypt. Methods: A case control study of 104 cases with HCC against 104 controls without HCC were recruited from Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital; patients were from the governorates of Assiut, Sohag, Qena, and Aswan. Patients were divided into two groups, cirrhotics and noncirrhotics. For all participants, the following was conducted: clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography examination, and laboratory investigations. Risk factors of HCC were identified using univariate then multivariate analysis. Results: Cirrhotic patients constituted 60.6% of the total sample while noncirrhotic patients constituted 39.4%. Among cirrhotic patients, higher risk of HCC was observed with underground water use (OR 15.825, 95% CI 4.462-56.128), tobacco smoking (OR 7.755, 95% CI 2.790-21.558), and metabolic syndrome (OR 5.595, 95% CI 1.565-20.009), While risk factors of HCC in noncirrhotic patients were found to be positive HBsAg (OR 15.223, 95% CI 2.009-115.352), tobacco smoking (OR 8.349, 95% CI 2.113-32.982), metabolic syndrome (OR 7.374, 95% CI 1.635-33.266), and manual agricultural job (OR 7.001, 95% CI 1.604- 30.648). Conclusion: Distinct patterns of HCC risk factors exist among cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, with a common ground. The risk factor of HCC in cirrhotic patients was underground water use while chronic HBV infection and manual agricultural job were risk factors in noncirrhotic patients. For both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome were common risk factors of HCC.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary cancer of liver. Epidemiologic research exploring risk factors of HCC is important because of increasing frequency of the disease in Egypt with remarkable rise in noncirrhotic patients. Identifying risk factors of HCC may help in decreasing its incidence. Aim: This study was carried out to identify risk factors of HCC among both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients in Upper Egypt. Methods: A case control study of 104 cases with HCC against 104 controls without HCC were recruited from Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital; patients were from the governorates of Assiut, Sohag, Qena, and Aswan. Patients were divided into two groups, cirrhotics and noncirrhotics. For all participants, the following was conducted: clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography examination, and laboratory investigations. Risk factors of HCC were identified using univariate then multivariate analysis. Results: Cirrhotic patients constituted 60.6% of the total sample while noncirrhotic patients constituted 39.4%. Among cirrhotic patients, higher risk of HCC was observed with underground water use (OR 15.825, 95% CI 4.462-56.128), tobacco smoking (OR 7.755, 95% CI 2.790-21.558), and metabolic syndrome (OR 5.595, 95% CI 1.565-20.009), While risk factors of HCC in noncirrhotic patients were found to be positive HBsAg (OR 15.223, 95% CI 2.009-115.352), tobacco smoking (OR 8.349, 95% CI 2.113-32.982), metabolic syndrome (OR 7.374, 95% CI 1.635-33.266), and manual agricultural job (OR 7.001, 95% CI 1.604- 30.648). Conclusion: Distinct patterns of HCC risk factors exist among cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, with a common ground. The risk factor of HCC in cirrhotic patients was underground water use while chronic HBV infection and manual agricultural job were risk factors in noncirrhotic patients. For both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome were common risk factors of HCC.