Abstract Stool examination using modified Kato thick smear method was performed to detect Fasciola eggs and other parasites. Abdominal pain was the major presenting symptom (87.7%) followed by pallor (83.3%) and fever (16.7%). Anaemia and hepatomegaly were recorded in 77.7% of patients compared to 27.7% with splenomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hepatomegaly and common bile duct dilatation in 77.7% of patients. Moreover, 5 cases showed diagnostic. Olympic game rings All patients had positive IgG4 levels, 55 cases were positive for specific total IgG and IgG1, whereas, only 24 cases had positive IgG2 levels (26.6%). All negative control group showed no cross reactions. On the other hand, ELISA detecting IgG4 showed the highest specificity (95%), followed by IgG2 (85%) and the least specific test was obtained with detection of IgG (70%) and IgG1 (65%). One month after treatment, 91.1% of patients (82/90) were completely cured and even after another two months follow-up. In completely cured patients none of anti-Fasciola isotypes was significantly changed. So, detection of anti-Fasciola isotypes especially IgG4 is very specific for the accurate diagnosis of human fascioliasis.

Modified agglutination test (MAT) was applied to 150 chicken sera (90 were farm-bred and 60 house-bred chickens). The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 18.7%. In house-bred chickens positive cases were 18 out of 60 (30.0%), while in farm-bred chickens positive cases were 10 out of 90 (11.1%). Histopathological sections of the seropositive chickens showed tissue lesions which were most likely to be induced by T. gondii. Tissue cysts of T. gondii were demonstrated in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles of 22 (78.6%) out of 28 positive chickens. These tissue cysts were found mostly in the brain of seropositive chickens. Epidemiological implications of these data for public health significance were discussed.

Modified agglutination test (MAT) was applied to 150 chicken sera (90 were farm-bred and 60 house-bred chickens). The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 18.7%. In house-bred chickens positive cases were 18 out of 60 (30.0%), while in farm-bred chickens positive cases were 10 out of 90 (11.1%). Histopathological sections of the seropositive chickens showed tissue lesions which were most likely to be induced by T. gondii. Tissue cysts of T. gondii were demonstrated in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles of 22 (78.6%) out of 28 positive chickens. These tissue cysts were found mostly in the brain of seropositive chickens. Epidemiological implications of these data for public health significance were discussed.

Various isolates of S. mansoni, originally showed marked diminished susceptibility to PZQ, were used in this work. These isolates were taken from patients not cured after two or three doses of the drug. They were passed in experimental mice and treated with sub-curative doses of PZQ to determine the effect of drug pressure on the offspring of these isolates. Upon treatment of the second generation of these isolates with curative doses of PZQ, they showed significant less response to the drug in terms of both the drug efficacy (percent of worm reduction), and the ED50 (the effective dose that kills 50% of worms). Also, stability test was performed on some S. mansoni isolates. This means repeated treatment of unsusceptible isolates that have been passed for several passages in the lab. and results compared to that of a control susceptible isolate (originally taken from a patient cured after a single dose of PZQ). The results showed that repeated passage of S. mansoni isolates in the lab. does not render them more susceptible to PZQ. Indeed, these resistant isolates showed less susceptibility to the drug than before, or at least they retain their original level of insusceptibility to PZQ

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A series of identical twin esters 3a-e of metronidazole was synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The synthesis of the twin esters 3a-e was achieved by interaction of metronidazole with the respective dicarboxylic acid anhydride or their dichloride. Their structures were verified by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The lipophilicity of metronidazole and the prodrugs 3a-e, expressed as Rmvalues, were determined using reversed-phase TLC and revealed

A series of identical twin esters 3a-e of metronidazole was synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The synthesis of the twin esters 3a-e was achieved by interaction of metronidazole with the respective dicarboxylic acid anhydride or their dichloride. Their structures were verified by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The lipophilicity of metronidazole and the prodrugs 3a-e, expressed as Rmvalues, were determined using reversed-phase TLC and revealed

A series of identical twin esters 3a-e of metronidazole was synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The synthesis of the twin esters 3a-e was achieved by interaction of metronidazole with the respective dicarboxylic acid anhydride or their dichloride. Their structures were verified by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The lipophilicity of metronidazole and the prodrugs 3a-e, expressed as Rmvalues, were determined using reversed-phase TLC and revealed