Determination of a runway orientation is a critical task in the planning and design of an airport. Runways usually oriented in the direction of the prevailing winds. The best direction can be decided through proper execution of wind analysis for designated area. In this study, wind analysis is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis to check the accuracy of used software in computer analysis by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software FAA Airport design and Windrose PRO. In order to analyze the available local wind observations with windrose II manual procedure and FAA Airport design software they must be converted to suitable windrose statistics so that a third software should be used . In this study WRPLOT View software is used to do this task. In this study three case studies Aswan international airport, Al Nozha international airport and Marsa Alam international airport were studied. These cases studies subject to wind analysis by use of manual analysis and computer analysis. For FAA Airport Design and WindRose PRO software there were small differences between its results and windrose II manual analysis results. In order to verify the optimization process in each case study, a comparison was made between existing runways orientation and estimated optimum runways orientation. For Aswan international airport the existing runway which has actual orientation of 170.88/350.88 which provides 98.07% wind coverage while the optimum runway orientation is 174/354 which provides 98.2% wind coverage. For Al Nozha there are two existing runways which have actual orientation of 45.06/225.07 and 179.99/359.99 which provides 84.11% and 93.27% wind coverage respectively while the optimum runway orientation is one runway with orientation of 146/326 which provides 96.04% wind coverage. For Marsa Alam international airport the existing runway which has actual orientation of 149.75/329.76 which provides 99.65% wind coverage while the optimum runway orientation is 156/336 which provides 99.72% wind coverage. Parametric analysis applied on each case study in order to studying the effect of each controlling parameter on wind coverage. This analysis is proceed by use of FAA Airport Design software because it allow the designer to keep the other parameters fixed while changing one of them. These parameters are number of runways, runway orientation, maximum allowable crosswind component and maximum allowable tailwind component.

Determination of a runway orientation is a critical task in the planning and design of an airport. Runways usually oriented in the direction of the prevailing winds. The best direction can be decided through proper execution of wind analysis for designated area. In this study, wind analysis is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis to check the accuracy of used software in computer analysis by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software FAA Airport design and Windrose PRO. In order to analyze the available local wind observations with windrose II manual procedure and FAA Airport design software they must be converted to suitable windrose statistics so that a third software should be used . In this study WRPLOT View software is used to do this task. In this study three case studies Aswan international airport, Al Nozha international airport and Marsa Alam international airport were studied. These cases studies subject to wind analysis by use of manual analysis and computer analysis. For FAA Airport Design and WindRose PRO software there were small differences between its results and windrose II manual analysis results. In order to verify the optimization process in each case study, a comparison was made between existing runways orientation and estimated optimum runways orientation. For Aswan international airport the existing runway which has actual orientation of 170.88/350.88 which provides 98.07% wind coverage while the optimum runway orientation is 174/354 which provides 98.2% wind coverage. For Al Nozha there are two existing runways which have actual orientation of 45.06/225.07 and 179.99/359.99 which provides 84.11% and 93.27% wind coverage respectively while the optimum runway orientation is one runway with orientation of 146/326 which provides 96.04% wind coverage. For Marsa Alam international airport the existing runway which has actual orientation of 149.75/329.76 which provides 99.65% wind coverage while the optimum runway orientation is 156/336 which provides 99.72% wind coverage. Parametric analysis applied on each case study in order to studying the effect of each controlling parameter on wind coverage. This analysis is proceed by use of FAA Airport Design software because it allow the designer to keep the other parameters fixed while changing one of them. These parameters are number of runways, runway orientation, maximum allowable crosswind component and maximum allowable tailwind component.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

While the demand for transportation is growing rapidly, many problems are facing planners and traffic operators in urban areas; such as; low performance and efficiency levels of passengers transport system. The strategy for tackling these problems has been for years to consider adding more capacity to the transport supply system, through huge investments in transport infrastructure. Best utilization of available transport services and facilities is an urgent necessity. Methods developed in the theory of optimization, through making use of advanced computation technology, would allow one to make experimental analysis and evaluation of different policies and strategies for better understanding of the transportation problem and to select a solution for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents a methodology for transport modes operation analysis for different policies and strategies to be simulated in order to reach optimal goals. The performance and efficiency of transport modes operation are formulated in a framework as an output maximization process of an objective function, subject to state variables, decision variables, constraints and variable bounds. Four main traffic operation strategies which would have great impacts on urban transportation performance and efficiency were analyzed, each strategy contains heuristics of many trial values of decision variables. The overall methodology is seeking global optimality. The research output revealed two important indicators for alternative transport systems evaluation; Mode Efficiency Factor and transport system passenger supply Efficiency Index. The efficient transport system supply that satisfies a certain demand is attained. Moreover, an identification and clarification of most compatible transport modes, suitable for passenger demand sharing, that would give optimal performance indicators are documented.

This study investigates wind analysis which is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis for airports outside population settlements. The accuracy of used software in computer analysis was checked by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport design and windrose PRO. Wind patterns of twenty regions in Egypt are examined by WORPLOT View and FAA Airport Design program to estimate the best runway orientation. These twenty regions have thirteen regions with existing airports and seven regions of bearable airports. After examining Egyptian surface wind pattern found that the optimum solution for the most of Egypt regions is one direction while there are two directions for Mersa Matruh and Port Said. The existing runways in Assiut airport and Port Said airport have not fulfill standard requirement which were taken in this study (wind coverage and cross wind rules) throughout the year. Runway orientation was found for previousexamined airports. Three runway orientations had been studied with more details, Aswan, Marsa Alam and Al Nozha airports.There is one proposed runway in Al Nozha airport, which have fulfilled standard requirement throughout the year instead of the existing runways. Aswan and Marsa Alam existing runways were accepted

This study investigates wind analysis which is conducted by manual analysis and computer analysis for airports outside population settlements. The accuracy of used software in computer analysis was checked by comparing their results with the manual procedure. The manual analysis represented by windrose type II while the computer analysis represented by two software the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport design and windrose PRO. Wind patterns of twenty regions in Egypt are examined by WORPLOT View and FAA Airport Design program to estimate the best runway orientation. These twenty regions have thirteen regions with existing airports and seven regions of bearable airports. After examining Egyptian surface wind pattern found that the optimum solution for the most of Egypt regions is one direction while there are two directions for Mersa Matruh and Port Said. The existing runways in Assiut airport and Port Said airport have not fulfill standard requirement which were taken in this study (wind coverage and cross wind rules) throughout the year. Runway orientation was found for previousexamined airports. Three runway orientations had been studied with more details, Aswan, Marsa Alam and Al Nozha airports.There is one proposed runway in Al Nozha airport, which have fulfilled standard requirement throughout the year instead of the existing runways. Aswan and Marsa Alam existing runways were accepted

Erosion and erosion–corrosion tests of as-built Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Selective Laser Melting were investigated using slurries composed of SiO2 sand particles and either tap water (pure water) or 3.5% NaCl solution (artificial seawater). The microhardness value of selective laser melting (SLM)ed Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased as the impact angle increased. The synergistic effect of corrosion and erosion in seawater is always higher than erosion in pure water at all impact angles. The seawater environment caused the dissolution of vanadium oxide V2O5 on the surface of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy due to the presence of Cl− ions in the seawater. These findings show lower microhardness values and high mass losses under the erosion–corrosion test compared to those under the erosion test at all impact angles.

Erosion and erosion–corrosion tests of as-built Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Selective Laser Melting were investigated using slurries composed of SiO2 sand particles and either tap water (pure water) or 3.5% NaCl solution (artificial seawater). The microhardness value of selective laser melting (SLM)ed Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased as the impact angle increased. The synergistic effect of corrosion and erosion in seawater is always higher than erosion in pure water at all impact angles. The seawater environment caused the dissolution of vanadium oxide V2O5 on the surface of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy due to the presence of Cl− ions in the seawater. These findings show lower microhardness values and high mass losses under the erosion–corrosion test compared to those under the erosion test at all impact angles.