In this paper, we analyze the robustness of the quantum correlations of the nearest neighbor and the next-toneighbor qubits in the intrinsic noise model, that describes the dynamics of the decoherence for a system formed by 3-qubit Heisenberg XY chain. The effects of the uniformity and the inhomogeneity of the applied magnetic field are considered. The generated mixedness entropy, the robustness of the trace distance discord, measurement-induced non-locality and Bures distance correlations are examined against the spin interaction coupling, the uniformity and the inhomogeneity of the applied external magnetic field. In the absence of the intrinsic noise, the inhomogeneity of the applied magnetic field enhances the quantum correlations and the generated mixedness entropy. In the presence of the intrinsic noise for the nearest neighbor qubits, inhomogeneity effect of the magnetic field behaves as an additional decoherence resource.

We introduce entangled pair coherent states of a noncommutative harmonic oscillator operators associated with a q-deformed oscillator algebra. The definition of two-mode q-deformed operator and the decomposition of its eigenstates in terms of the q-deformed Fock states are obtained. The general solution of the recurrence relation of the first nondeformed quadrature is obtained. The asymptotic behavior of the general solution is studied, a complete expansion is derived, and also representations of the general solution in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function are given. Also, we prove that the general solution is related to Meixner-Pollaczek orthogonal polynomial and calculate the weight function. The photons number distribution, the second order correlation function and the optical tomogram of the entangled pair coherent states are discussed. The recurrence relation for the first q-deformed quadrature is inferred. We evaluate the eigenstate of the q-deformed quadrature operator and give a numerical study for the optical tomogram of the q-deformed of the entangled pair coherent states. Finally, we show the change of the parameters in the entangled pair coherent states that connected with physical quantities and explain how they affect the format of optimal tomography.

Investigation of an alternative source of the nonrenewable energy is attracting the world attention nowadays. The fruits and leaves biomass of Calotropis procera were exposed to sequential pretreatment processes. First, a successive pretreatment with an organic solvent (hexane/methanol) yielded biocrude and plant spent residues fractions. The plant spent residues fractions were exposed to successive acid/alkali (1% H₂SO₄/2% NaOH) pretreatment to yield spent residues of fruits (SRF) and leaves (SRL). The amount of cellulose content of the sequential pretreated SRF and SRL were 87.3 and 83.4%, respectively. The hydrolysis process of 10 g of the sequential pretreated SRF and SRL by Sternzym cellulase produced 80.2 and 50.4 g/L of total reduced sugars, respectively. The reduced sugars were then fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MN901244) for bioethanol production. The HPLC analysis showed 38.9 and 23.8 g/L of bioethanol yields from sequential pretreated SRF and SRL, respectively. The GC/MS analysis of methanol and hexane biocrude fractions revealed the presence of 20 and 12% of fatty acids, respectively, which would be promising amounts for biodiesel production after esterification. So, the present study suggested a low-cost nonedible plant biomass (Calotropis procera) as a biorefinery for production of renewable bioethanol.

Incorporation of conducting polymers (CPs) with TiO₂ is considered a promising pathway toward the fabrication of highly efficient non-metal based photocatalysts. Herein, we report the fabrication of TiO₂@polyaniline, TiO₂@polypyrrole, and TiO₂@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) photocatalyst heterostructures via the facile wet incipient impregnation method. The mass ratios of CPs in the composites were optimized. The structure, morphology, optical and surface texture of the samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, DRS, and N₂-physisorption techniques. The TiO₂@2PEDOT, TiO₂@2PPy, and TiO₂@5PAn composites were found to exhibit the highest H₂ evolution rate (HER) of 1.37, 2.09, and 3.1 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹, respectively. Compared to bare TiO₂, the HER was significantly enhanced by 16, 24, and 36-fold, respectively. Photoelectrochemical measurements (CV, CA and EIS) were conducted, to evaluate the photoelectric properties of the synthesized composites and assist in understanding the photocatalytic mechanism. The deposition method plays a key-role in forming the photocatalyst/CP interface. This simple impregnation route was found to provide an excellent interface for charge transfer between composite components compared to chemisorption and in situ polymerization methods. This study sheds light on the promising effect of CP incorporation with semiconductor photocatalysts, as a cheap and efficient matrix, on photocatalytic performance.

The current study provides a novel insight into the role of synergism of the changes in Mg²⁺/ Al³⁺ in the best catalytic activity of indol-3-yl derivatives. A series of Co-Mg-Al layered triple hydroxides (LTHs) catalysts were produced by altering the Al³⁺/Mg²⁺ ratio with respect to Co²⁺. The physicochemical properties of LTHs were well characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, BET, Zeta-sizer, and VSM. The results show that the sample CMA4 (Co²⁺:Mg²⁺:Al³⁺ 2:4:4) is an exception to the physicochemical characteristics of the produced Co-Mg-Al LTHs, which is due to the synergism between the changes in Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives from indole-3-carbaldehyde using Co-Mg-Al LTHs as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts, which is an extremely appealing path. The selectivity of the synthesis was studied by condensing various nucleophiles through the one-pot method that established superior reactivity under mild conditions. Notably, the results show that the Co-Mg-Al LTHs system exhibited an extraordinarily catalytic activity, with the highest yield (98%) being obtained under the following optimal conditions: the concentration of Co-Mg-Al LTHs = 5 mol%, 30 min., water/ethanol as solvent. Furthermore, the reusable studies exhibited that the catalysts were found to be stable and reusable for up to six cycles without substantial loss of catalytic activity. Finally, a plausible reaction mechanism of the Co-Mg-Al LTHs system for indol-3-yl derivatives was put forward according to our comprehensive analysis. Our work illuminates a cheap and flexible strategy for the synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives using Co-Mg-Al LTHs.

This study aims at examining the use of an advanced meso-scale continuous-flow photochemical reactor for the photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ with water into fuel over TiO₂ (P25), Ag/TiO₂, and Ag/TiO₂/RGO catalysts. The silver loaded photocatalysts were prepared by one-step process via hydrothermal method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by various characterization techniques in order to identify the morphological, chemical, physical, and optical properties. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalysts was firstly examined by the photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements and secondly by the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ in the proposed setup. Liquid products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and total organic carbon (TOC) techniques. It was found that the ternary composite revealed an outstanding performance towards CO₂ photocatalytic reduction, where its selectivity was directed towards methanol production. The incorporation of graphene nanosheets enhanced the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ by 3.3 and 9.4 times compared with Ag/TiO₂ and bare TiO₂, respectively, using the proposed photochemical reactor in a continuous mode. This study sheds the light on a novel type of a photocatalytic reactor where CO₂ conversion over Ag/TiO₂/RGO ternary composite was evaluated.

Three species of freshwater planktonic green microalgae: Ankistrodesmus braunii, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Scenedesmus incrassatulus, were isolated from the Nile water in Upper Egypt. These microalgae were exposed to nutritional (nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron) limitations and salinity stress to study their effects on the algal growth and to elevate the lipid content within their cells. The results indicated that exposure to these conditions had a significant impact on the algal growth. The lipid content of the studied algae increased as a result of the salinity stress. The highest lipid content was recorded in A. braunii culture treated with 50 mM NaCl (34.4% of dry weight) and S. incrassatulus cultures treated with 100 mM NaCl (37.7% of dry weight) on the 6th day of cultivation, while the culture of A. falcatus treated with 100 mM NaCl recorded the maximum lipid content (53% of dry weight) on the 10th day of the experiment. The biodiesel quality parameters of the fatty acid methyl ester profile of S. incrassatulus appeared to be in agreement with the international criteria. S. incrassatulus could be regarded as a quite promising feedstock for the biodiesel production.

There is a growing interest for the utilization of brown macroalgae for integrated production of various value-added products with zero waste generation. Therefore, the biorefinery waste of Sargassum latifolium after the sequential extraction of polyphenols, fucoidan, and alginate was utilized for the preparation of an environmentally benign xerogel using wastepaper. The adsorption efficiency of the xerogel for Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) was successfully evaluated using Box-Behnken experimental design. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum MB removal was 92.54% compared with 94.97% for CR for the single system and for the binary system the maximum bioremoval was 97.16% and 87.66% for MB and CR, respectively. The maximum dye adsorption (q_e) for MB and CR in a single system was 8.54 mg g⁻¹ and 20.97 mg g⁻¹ at pH 5.0, respectively, while the q_e was reduced in the binary system due to antagonistic interaction. The kinetics of MB and CR biosorption from single and binary systems were better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption mechanism was predominantly intraparticle diffusion, but the effect of the external mass transfer was significant. Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were able to represent the experimental data, but they differ in priority depending on dye type and pH. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic, except MB in a single system. The developed xerogel is an environmentally benign biosorbent suitable for cationic and anionic dye removal from single or multicomponent dye containing effluents.

In this study, citric acid was applied as a safe organic acid for the treatment of the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium to facilitate the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate without cross contamination. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effects of citric acid concentration, temperature, and time on fucoidan yield, its fucose and sulfate contents, and molecular weight (MW), while the investigated responses of the sequentially extracted alginate were yield, mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio (M/G) and MW. Under the optimized conditions, the fucoidan yield, fucose content, sulfate content, and MW were 6.55%, 21.01%, 30.92% and 7.12 × 10³ Da, respectively, while alginate yield, M/G, and MW were 28.81%, 0.36, and 1.50 × 10⁵ Da, respectively. The optimized products showed good Fe(III) chelating properties and the iron contents were 509.82 mg g⁻¹ for fucoidan-Fe and 406.71 ± 5.18 mg g⁻¹ for alginate-Fe. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, fucoidan-Fe and alginate-Fe complexes released 46 and 57% iron, respectively, which are nutritionally relevant amounts. Both fucoidan and alginate showed potent antioxidant properties, but their Fe complexes exhibited a reduced activity. The results of the present study indicated that citric acid could support the basis for an economical biorefinery process for the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate. Additionally, these polysaccharides could be good candidates for the preparations of iron supplements.

There is a growing concern regarding the adverse effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic environments. The present study investigated the toxicity of different antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on two green algae namely Chlorella sp. and Desmodesmus spinosus. Based on the 96h IC₅₀ values of the two chlorophytes, tetracycline (TET) was more toxic than other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin (CPF) and amoxicillin (AMX)), while paracetamol (PAR) was more toxic than ketoprofen (KET) and diclofenac (DIF). Gross photosynthesis was markedly reduced with most of the investigated drugs, although, the Chl a content was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner. Algal treated cells exhibited elevated malonaldehyde content which reflected several structural and functional cellular damages. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species, but the effects of APX were more pronounced at low drug concentrations. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the combined toxicities of PAR, KET, AMX and TET on D. spinosus in response to growth inhibition and pigment increase. The mutual interactions varied between synergism and antagonism. The BBD analysis indicated that the experimental design could be effectively utilized as a useful tool for ecotoxicological assessment.