The current study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) and oxytetracycline (OTC) supplementation on
broilers’ behavior, performance, carcass quality, biochemical parameters, and intestinal microbial populations and birds’ response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. A total of 336 seven-day-old IR broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary
treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs or 50 ppm OTC. Each diet was fed to 7 replicates (8 birds/pen). The
results clarified that 10 ppm ZONPs significantly improved the body weight gain and feed conversion in comparison to the
control. No changes in behavior were recorded. The 10 ppm and 30 ppm ZONPs and OTC significantly reduced the gizzard
weight in comparison to the control. While, 10 ppm ZONPs significantly increased the spleen weight, and all ZONPs doses
increased bursa weight in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 20 ppm ZONPs increased the eviscerated yield and edible
yield in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 40 ppm ZONPs increased pH, reduced meat color and overall acceptability in
comparison to the control. In addition, results revealed that the 20 ppm ZONPs increased Calcium (Ca), High density low
cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced urea (UA) and triglyceride (TG). Also, 40 ppm ZONPs and OTC increased creatinine (Cr) and
reduced ND-HI titer in comparison to the control. For microbial population, OTC group was significantly lower than ZONPs
groups in the total anaerobic, aerobic and lactobacilli count. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of ZONPs can be applied as
antibiotic growth promoter substitutions in broilers’ diet. However, further investigations are still needed.

The current study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) and oxytetracycline (OTC) supplementation on
broilers’ behavior, performance, carcass quality, biochemical parameters, and intestinal microbial populations and birds’ response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. A total of 336 seven-day-old IR broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary
treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs or 50 ppm OTC. Each diet was fed to 7 replicates (8 birds/pen). The
results clarified that 10 ppm ZONPs significantly improved the body weight gain and feed conversion in comparison to the
control. No changes in behavior were recorded. The 10 ppm and 30 ppm ZONPs and OTC significantly reduced the gizzard
weight in comparison to the control. While, 10 ppm ZONPs significantly increased the spleen weight, and all ZONPs doses
increased bursa weight in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 20 ppm ZONPs increased the eviscerated yield and edible
yield in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 40 ppm ZONPs increased pH, reduced meat color and overall acceptability in
comparison to the control. In addition, results revealed that the 20 ppm ZONPs increased Calcium (Ca), High density low
cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced urea (UA) and triglyceride (TG). Also, 40 ppm ZONPs and OTC increased creatinine (Cr) and
reduced ND-HI titer in comparison to the control. For microbial population, OTC group was significantly lower than ZONPs
groups in the total anaerobic, aerobic and lactobacilli count. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of ZONPs can be applied as
antibiotic growth promoter substitutions in broilers’ diet. However, further investigations are still needed.

Retinoic acid (RA) is known to affect developing system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of exogenous RA during morphogenesis of nervous tissue of the developing chick embryo. Fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were injected with a single dose of 0.5 µg, 1 µg or 2 µg of RA dissolved in 1 µl of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Injections were carried out after three days of incubation. RA treatment induced teratogenic effects during the morphogenesis of the developing chick embryos. These effects included the axial shift of the brain structures and appearance of mesencephalon in locations where rhombencephalon and spinal cord were supposed to be. The explanation of the RA effect based on the disturbance of normal pattern of expression of genes concerned with the process of morphogenesis. In addition, RA induced the appearance of enlarged hydrocephalic heads, bilateral exophthalmos, cerebral aneurysm, congestion and extravasation. Also, RA treatment induced degenerative activities and cell death in the nervous tissues. This is explained as a result of high amounts of RA exceeding the capacity of RA degrading enzymes and thus inducing cell death and degeneration.

Retinoic acid (RA) is known to affect developing system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of exogenous RA during morphogenesis of nervous tissue of the developing chick embryo. Fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were injected with a single dose of 0.5 µg, 1 µg or 2 µg of RA dissolved in 1 µl of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Injections were carried out after three days of incubation. RA treatment induced teratogenic effects during the morphogenesis of the developing chick embryos. These effects included the axial shift of the brain structures and appearance of mesencephalon in locations where rhombencephalon and spinal cord were supposed to be. The explanation of the RA effect based on the disturbance of normal pattern of expression of genes concerned with the process of morphogenesis. In addition, RA induced the appearance of enlarged hydrocephalic heads, bilateral exophthalmos, cerebral aneurysm, congestion and extravasation. Also, RA treatment induced degenerative activities and cell death in the nervous tissues. This is explained as a result of high amounts of RA exceeding the capacity of RA degrading enzymes and thus inducing cell death and degeneration.

Retinoic acid (RA) is known to affect developing system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of exogenous RA during morphogenesis of nervous tissue of the developing chick embryo. Fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were injected with a single dose of 0.5 µg, 1 µg or 2 µg of RA dissolved in 1 µl of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Injections were carried out after three days of incubation. RA treatment induced teratogenic effects during the morphogenesis of the developing chick embryos. These effects included the axial shift of the brain structures and appearance of mesencephalon in locations where rhombencephalon and spinal cord were supposed to be. The explanation of the RA effect based on the disturbance of normal pattern of expression of genes concerned with the process of morphogenesis. In addition, RA induced the appearance of enlarged hydrocephalic heads, bilateral exophthalmos, cerebral aneurysm, congestion and extravasation. Also, RA treatment induced degenerative activities and cell death in the nervous tissues. This is explained as a result of high amounts of RA exceeding the capacity of RA degrading enzymes and thus inducing cell death and degeneration.

The present study was performed during seasons 2016-17 on 13 years old Flame
Seedless cv. (Vitis vinifera L.) at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The vines were sprayed with
natural oils (Clove oil , black seed oil and garlic oil ) before harvest in two concentrations
0.5% and 1%. Physical, chemical and microbial assays were conducted during storage
under marketing conditions. Natural oils especially garlic oil gives high quality properties
of berries e.g. decreasing the total loss, berry shatter, TSS/TA percentage and also protected
the anthocyanin pigment from degradation during the storage periods at room and cold
temperatures. All natural oils especially garlic oil decrease the total counts and diversity of
post harvest fungi. The diversity index showed great variation between cold and room
temperature and the oil treated comparing with control samples which revealed the highest
diversity index. Decreasing fungal counts and the diversity reflects directly on berries
quality and longitivity during the storage at marketing conditions.

This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and oregano (Origanum
vulgare L.) cultivated in Egypt. The results conducted that the major constituents of the thyme essential oil were thymol (45.19%), p-cymene (13.59%), carvacrol (7.65%)and γ-terpinene (6.82%), while carvacrol (52.46%), terpine-4-ol (7.43%), terpineol,cis-beta (5.64%) and γ-terpinene (4.73%) were the major components of oregano essential oil by GC-MS analysis. The essential oils of thyme and oregano contained appreciable levels of total phenolic contents (228.78 and 129.43 mg PE/g) and showed good activity in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 (68.95 and 96.47
mg/mL). Both extracts contained lower total phenolic contents (123.68 and 138.26 mg
PE/g) than the essential oils but exhibited very strong DPPH radical scavenging
capacity with IC50 (0.438 and 0.984 mg/mL, respectively). In addition, extracts and
the essential oils proved great antimicrobial properties against human and plant
pathogenic microorganisms. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most sensitive
microorganism of oregano and thyme extracts (200μg/mL) with 35.8±0.89 and
37±0.47 mm inhibition zones, respectively. Thyme essential oil had the highest effect on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with 25.7±0.27 mm, while oregano 16.5±0.24 mm on
Aspergillus flavus.

In this work, the synthesis of Ni1−x Mg x Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) nanoparticles by a facile microwave-assisted combustion method is reported with detailed study of the structural and optical properties. By employing techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, transmission electron microscope (TEM, HRTEM, TEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized and introduced for further study of size-confined properties. Nanocrystals of a pure cubic spinel structured phase with average particle size of 20–40 nm were successfully synthesized in the whole range of x. In consistence with Vegard's law for a solid solution lattice, the lattice constant increases linearly with the substitution for Ni2+ with the relatively larger Mg2+ cations. The Rietveld analysis of the observed XRD patterns reveals an inversed spinel structure in NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with a decreased inversion factor by Mg-substitution. The results of UV-Visible absorbance indicate a wide energy gap of about 3.6 eV for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles thatmonotonically tuned towards a narrow band gap by Mg-doping.

In this work, the synthesis of Ni1−x Mg x Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) nanoparticles by a facile microwave-assisted combustion method is reported with detailed study of the structural and optical properties. By employing techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, transmission electron microscope (TEM, HRTEM, TEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized and introduced for further study of size-confined properties. Nanocrystals of a pure cubic spinel structured phase with average particle size of 20–40 nm were successfully synthesized in the whole range of x. In consistence with Vegard's law for a solid solution lattice, the lattice constant increases linearly with the substitution for Ni2+ with the relatively larger Mg2+ cations. The Rietveld analysis of the observed XRD patterns reveals an inversed spinel structure in NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with a decreased inversion factor by Mg-substitution. The results of UV-Visible absorbance indicate a wide energy gap of about 3.6 eV for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles thatmonotonically tuned towards a narrow band gap by Mg-doping.

In this work, the synthesis of Ni1−x Mg x Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) nanoparticles by a facile microwave-assisted combustion method is reported with detailed study of the structural and optical properties. By employing techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, transmission electron microscope (TEM, HRTEM, TEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized and introduced for further study of size-confined properties. Nanocrystals of a pure cubic spinel structured phase with average particle size of 20–40 nm were successfully synthesized in the whole range of x. In consistence with Vegard's law for a solid solution lattice, the lattice constant increases linearly with the substitution for Ni2+ with the relatively larger Mg2+ cations. The Rietveld analysis of the observed XRD patterns reveals an inversed spinel structure in NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with a decreased inversion factor by Mg-substitution. The results of UV-Visible absorbance indicate a wide energy gap of about 3.6 eV for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles thatmonotonically tuned towards a narrow band gap by Mg-doping.