In an animal models, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a carcinogenic agent that causes liver fibrosis. The current study aims to investigate whether induction in liver-fibrosis by CCl4 in the mouse model could promote the initiation of fibrosis in lymphnode and spleen due to sustained increase of inflammatory signals and also aimed to clarify the protective therapeutic effects of propolis. The male mice (BALB/c) were categorized into three experimental sets and each group involved 15 mice. Control group falls into first group; group-II and group-III were injected with CCl4 to induce liver-fibrosis and oral supplementation with propolis was provided in group-III for 4-weeks. A major improvement with hepatic collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) production was aligned with the activation of liver fibrosis from CCl4. Mice treated with CCl4 exhibited collagen deposition towards liver sections, pathological alterations in spleen and lymph node architectures, and a significantly increase the circulation of both T&B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Mechanically, the secondary lymphoid organs treated with CCl4 in mice exposed a positive growth in α-SMA and collagen expression, increased in proinflammatory cytokine levels and a significant increase in TGF-β, NO and ROS levels. A manifest intensification in the expression of Nrf2, COX-2, and eNOS and upregulation of ASK1 and P38 phosphorylation. Interestingly, addition of propolis-treated CCl4 mice, substantially suppressed deposition of liver collagen, repealed inflammatory signals and resorted CCl4-mediated alterations in signaling cascades, thereby repairing the architectures of the secondary lymphoid organs. Our findings revealed benefits of propolis against fibrotic complications and enhancing secondary lymphoid organ architecture.

In an animal models, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a carcinogenic agent that causes liver fibrosis. The current study aims to investigate whether induction in liver-fibrosis by CCl4 in the mouse model could promote the initiation of fibrosis in lymphnode and spleen due to sustained increase of inflammatory signals and also aimed to clarify the protective therapeutic effects of propolis. The male mice (BALB/c) were categorized into three experimental sets and each group involved 15 mice. Control group falls into first group; group-II and group-III were injected with CCl4 to induce liver-fibrosis and oral supplementation with propolis was provided in group-III for 4-weeks. A major improvement with hepatic collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) production was aligned with the activation of liver fibrosis from CCl4. Mice treated with CCl4 exhibited collagen deposition towards liver sections, pathological alterations in spleen and lymph node architectures, and a significantly increase the circulation of both T&B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Mechanically, the secondary lymphoid organs treated with CCl4 in mice exposed a positive growth in α-SMA and collagen expression, increased in proinflammatory cytokine levels and a significant increase in TGF-β, NO and ROS levels. A manifest intensification in the expression of Nrf2, COX-2, and eNOS and upregulation of ASK1 and P38 phosphorylation. Interestingly, addition of propolis-treated CCl4 mice, substantially suppressed deposition of liver collagen, repealed inflammatory signals and resorted CCl4-mediated alterations in signaling cascades, thereby repairing the architectures of the secondary lymphoid organs. Our findings revealed benefits of propolis against fibrotic complications and enhancing secondary lymphoid organ architecture.

In an animal models, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a carcinogenic agent that causes liver fibrosis. The current study aims to investigate whether induction in liver-fibrosis by CCl4 in the mouse model could promote the initiation of fibrosis in lymphnode and spleen due to sustained increase of inflammatory signals and also aimed to clarify the protective therapeutic effects of propolis. The male mice (BALB/c) were categorized into three experimental sets and each group involved 15 mice. Control group falls into first group; group-II and group-III were injected with CCl4 to induce liver-fibrosis and oral supplementation with propolis was provided in group-III for 4-weeks. A major improvement with hepatic collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) production was aligned with the activation of liver fibrosis from CCl4. Mice treated with CCl4 exhibited collagen deposition towards liver sections, pathological alterations in spleen and lymph node architectures, and a significantly increase the circulation of both T&B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Mechanically, the secondary lymphoid organs treated with CCl4 in mice exposed a positive growth in α-SMA and collagen expression, increased in proinflammatory cytokine levels and a significant increase in TGF-β, NO and ROS levels. A manifest intensification in the expression of Nrf2, COX-2, and eNOS and upregulation of ASK1 and P38 phosphorylation. Interestingly, addition of propolis-treated CCl4 mice, substantially suppressed deposition of liver collagen, repealed inflammatory signals and resorted CCl4-mediated alterations in signaling cascades, thereby repairing the architectures of the secondary lymphoid organs. Our findings revealed benefits of propolis against fibrotic complications and enhancing secondary lymphoid organ architecture.

The alkaline solvolysis of trichloroacetic acid in water-ethanol mixtures have been studied in the presence of 0.40-0.80 M sodium hydroxide within the temperature range 35-70 °C.The rate constant increased with progressive addition of the organic solvent. The dielectric constant effect on the reaction rate was investigated. The radius of the activated complex at different temperatures was calculated. The isocomposition and isodielectric energies as well as the thermodynamic parameters of activation were calculated and their significance in terms of solvent composition has been discussed. It was concluded that the reactant state is extensively higher solvated than the transition state by the highly polar (water) solvent.

Condensation of 2-methyl-4-phenyl-thiazole ethiodide (1) with aromatic aldehydes in presence of piperidine as base catalyst has been studied kinetically at different temperatures. The rate in presence of low concentration of piperidine (<0.5 M) is found to be represented by the third order equation v=k′ [1] [aldehyde] [piperidine]. On the other hand the rate in presence of ≥1.013 M piperidine is represented by the second-order equation:v=k′ [1] [aldehyde]. It is concluded from the kinetic results that the dehydration step of the intermediate aldol compound is the rate determining step of the reaction. The dependence of the mechanism of the reaction and the thermodynamic parameters of activation on the molecular structure of the various aromatic aldehydes used is discussed. In various organic solvents, the rate of the reaction increases as the dielectric constant of the medium is increased. The energy of activation and the thermodynamic parameters of activation were calculated and discussed in terms of solvent properties.

The electronic spectra of carbazone in a number of organic solvents of different properties have been examined. It is deduced that in dilute solutions of basic solvents, carbazone (H2L) exists in acid-base equilibrium (H2L ⇋ HL- + H+). The proportional concentration of the base form (HL-) in a medium is largely dependent on the carbazone concentration, basicity of the organic solvent and the tendency of stabilization of the HL- form through H-bond interaction with protic solvent molecules. The observed absorption bands belonging to absorption of both H2L and HL- forms are assigned to a transition involving the whole solute associated with intramolecular CT transition. The longer wavelength band appearing in the spectra of the H2L form in the weak basic solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane and CCl4) is suggested to be due to absorption of the solvated polar complex resulting from interaction of solvent polarity with the polar solute carbonyl group

Electronic spectra of five (Bis(X‐phenyl)‐Ethane diimine] compounds I‐V, have been investigated in various organic solvents and aqueous buffer solutions of varying pH's. The observed visible band is assigned to intramolecular CT transition. Furthermore, it is deduced that structure of the o‐hydroxy derivative is not entirely planar. The acid dissociation constant values of the hydroxy derivatives have been determined and are discussed. Copyright © 1990 The Chemical Society Located in Taipei & Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany

Kinetics of hydrolysis of some bifunctional Schiff bases, bis(x‐benzylidenes)‐o‐phenylenediamine, have been investigated in aqueous media containing 0.1 mole fraction of ethanol under base and acid conditions. Under base conditions the rate determining step is the hydroxide ion attack on the protonated substrate while under weak acid conditions the attack of water rather than hydroxide ion on the protonated substrate becomes the predominant reaction pathway. The bifunctional Schiff base molecular structure‐base or acid hydrolysis reactivity relationship has been examined and discussed. Effect of medium (water content and nature of organic solvents) has been investigated and it is deduced that specific solute‐solvent interactions, namely the proton‐solvent, play a vital role on such hydrolysis reaction. Copyright © 1990 The Chemical Society Located in Taipei & Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany

Potentiometric equilibrium measurements have been made at (25 ± 0.1) °C and ionic strength I = 0.1 mol dm−3 KNO3 for the interaction of adenosine 5′-mono-, 5′-di-, and 5′-triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP) and Cu(II) with biologically important secondary ligand acids (malic, maleic, succinic, tartaric, and oxalic acids) in a 1:1:1 ratio and the formation of various 1:1:1 mixed ligand complex species inferred from the Potentiometric pH titration curves. Initial estimates of the formation constants of the resulting species and the acid dissociation constants of AMP, ADP, ATP, and secondary ligand acid have been refined with the SUPERQUAD computer program. Δ log K values are positive; i.e., the ternary complexes are found to be more stable than the corresponding binary complexes. In some Cu(II) ternary systems studied the interligand interactions or some cooperativity between the coordinate ligands, possibly H bond formation, has been found to be most effective in deciding the stability of the ternary complexes formed in solution. Stabilities of mixed ligand complexes increase in the order AMP < ADP < ATP. With respect to the secondary ligands, the formation constants of the mixed ligand complexes decrease in the following order: succinic > malic > maleic > tartaric > oxalic. © 1993, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

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