7-Acetyl-8-aryl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin3(2H)-thiones 2a,b are prepared and dehydrated to give 7-acetyl-8-aryl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6- hydroxy-7,8-dihydrodroisoquinolin-3(2H)-thiones 6a,b via a novel method by heating with acetyl chloride in acetic acid. The reaction of both compounds 2a,b and 6a,b with N-aryl-2- chloroacetamides 7a−c under two different conditions gave the same corresponding products, 7- acetyl-8-aryl-3-(N-aryl)carbamoylmethylsulfanyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroisoquinolines 8a−e, in high yields. On treatment of compounds 8a,b,e in methanol with a slightly excess molar amount of sodium methoxide, they underwent intramolecular Thorpe−Ziegler cyclization followed by spontaneous aromatization, providing the planar 7-acetyl-1-amino-6-aryl-2-(Naryl)carbamoyl-5,8-dimethyl-8,9-dihydrothieno[2,3-c] isoquinolines 9a,b,e in good yield. Cyclocondensation reactions of 6a,b with phenyl hydrazine, thiosemicarbazide, or hydrazine hydrate led to the formation of nonplanar (3aR, 4S, 9aS)-pyrazolo[3,4-g]isoquinolines 11a, 11b, and 13, respectively. The reaction of compound 13 with 2-chloromethylquinazolin-4(3H)-one in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave the expected thienopyrazoloisoquinolone 14. Heating the latter compound (14) with triethyl orthoformate in glacial acetic acid afforded the fused heptacyclic compound 15. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized based on their full spectral analyses such as IR, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, the crystal structure of compound 6a was elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis

This study evaluated the toxicity of citric acid and the benefits of soya milk (SM) for preventing damage in mice. Thirty-five mice were divided into groups: control, mice administered citric acid (CA group) for 30 days, mice administered SM before the administration of citric acid for 30 days (SM + CA group), mice administered citric acid for 15 days and left for recovery (R group), and mice in recovery receiving SM for 15 days (R + SM). Mice in CA and R groups displayed downregulated p53, increased cleavage of caspase 3, and upregulation of Nrf2, CYP1A1, ALT, and AST activity in the liver. In contrast, SM + CA and R + SM treated mice were protected against CA toxicity and showed reversal of p53 downregulation, reduced cleavage of caspase 3, downregulation of Nrf2, and an increase in liver function enzymes. SM administration also restored blood cell and hemoglobin content and general histology of hepatocytes.

In this investigation, the efficiency of Codium vermilara for copper ions removal from aqueous solution was studied. Central Composite Design has been used for the Response Surface Methodology and has been found to be an effective method for investigating the influences of various variables and their interactions on the efficiency of Cu2+ ions removal. The interactive impacts of four variables: algal dose, pH, initial concentrations of copper and contact time on the copper removal efficiency were assessed. Algal dose 0.75 g/L, pH 5.28, contact time 70.51 min, and copper concentration 48.75 mg/L were found to be the conditions of optimum biosorption. The efficiency of copper removal was found to be 85.5% under these optimum conditions. Copper removal on the biomass of C. vermilara followed well the kinetics of pseudo-first-order, Elvoish and Intraparticle diffusion. Compared to the other models, DubininRadushkevich isotherm best suited the experimental data revealing that the adsorption mechanism was physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters exhibited non-spontaneous, randomness and endothermic biosorption of Cu2+ ions. Additionally, the biosorbent characterization was estimated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Thus, C. vermilara could be used as possible biosorbent for removing heavy metals and other pollutants from the environment.

This research aims to study the effect of phenol on growth, metabolism, antioxidant activity and its bioremoval by Scenedesmus abundans. High phenol concentrations reduced the chlorophyll and dry weight of S. abundans. As phenol concentration increased, the total lipid, protein and amino acid content increased. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and catalase enzyme were generally enhanced by phenol concentrations. The biosorption ability of dried S abundans biomass for the phenol removal from the aqueous solution was also examined as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial phenol concentrations. The optimum biosorption was achieved at pH 6, 0.5 g/100 ml algal dose, 90 min contact time and 100 mg/L phenol concentration. The biosorption models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin were well applied, providing the experimental data with the best fit. The maximum biosorption capacity was 57.8 mg/g at the optimum conditions. The kinetic biosorption was also well described by the pseudo-first order, with film and intra-particle controlled the biosorption mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the process of biosorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The ∆G 0 values indicate that physisorption is the process of phenol biosorption on S. abundans. Additionally, by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis, the biosorbent characterization was assessed. Therefore, S. abundans could be used as a promising biosorbent for removal of phenol and other organic contaminants. The removal capability of phenol by S. abundans can also encourage the use of the wasted biomass as a feedstock for biofuel production giving it a green environmentally sustainable operation

In order to reduce fossil fuel consumption, renewable energy sources such as algal biomass have attracted more interest for the production of biodiesel as an energy source. In the current study, marine microalga Dunaliella parva was mainly assessed for higher biomass productivity, lipid content and productivity by the optimization of growth medium with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for production of biodiesel. Other biochemical compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins and free amino acids content and productivity were also evaluated by RSM. Maximum biomass productivity, lipid content and productivity (48.59 mg/L/day, 39.08 % and 19.91 mg/L/day, respectively) was attained by RSM optimized medium containing 0.63 g/L nitrogen, 0.02 g/L phosphorus and 1.61 M NaCl, which are 1.2, 1.5 and 1.4 folds, respectively, higher than normal growth medium and agreed well with the predicted value (49.85 mg/L/day, 37.51 % and 19.49 mg/L/day). In addition, saturated fatty acids increased from 42.8 % to 59.7%, polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased from 54.9% to 40.3% and the biodiesel properties almost complied with international standards, ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 under optimized conditions. Thus, D. parva has potential as an alternative source for the biodiesel production of excellent quality.

This study described the subcapsular technique for primary closure castration in donkeys with special regard to its efciency and welfare impacts. The study was conducted on twelve adult male donkeys, allocated randomly into two groups; subcapsular castration (SC) and open castration (OC) groups, whether the donkeys were subjected to surgical castration either by subcapsular or open castration techniques, respectively. Testosterone, cortisol, lactate, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured before and after castration. Pain-associated behavioral activities were recorded post-castration. The SC was successfully performed in donkeys through a single paramedian scrotal incision. The SC was efcient as OC in reducing testosterone levels. The pain score decreased in the SC compared to the OC over time. The SC was an efcient and reliable technique for primary closure castration in donkeys with minimal postoperative complications and care and good cosmetic, physiological, and behavioral outcomes. It can be an alternative to other castration techniques in equines.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a preventive capacity against free radical toxicity in various tissues. The present study aimed to demonstrate the reformative and treatment roles of adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) against severe toxicity in the hippocampal cells of the brain caused by aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃-NPs). Rats were divided into five experimental groups: an untreated control group, a control group receiving NaCl, a group receiving Al₂O₃-NPs (6 mg/kg) for 20 days, a group that was allowed to recover (R) for 20 days following treatment with Al₂O₃-NPs, and a Al₂O₃-NPs + AD-MSCs group, where each rat was injected with 0.8 × 10⁶ AD-MSCs via the caudal vein. Oral administration of Al₂O₃-NPs increased the protein levels of P53, cleaved caspase-3, CYP2E1, and beta-amyloid (Aβ); contrarily, AD-MSCs transplantation downregulated the levels of these proteins. In addition, the AD-MSCs-treated hippocampal cells were protected from Al₂O₃-NPs-induced toxicity, as detected by the expression levels of Sox2 and Oct4 that are essential for the maintenance of self-renewal. It was also found that AD-MSCs injection significantly altered the levels of brain total peroxide and monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B activities. Histologically, our results indicated that AD-MSCs alleviated the severe damage in the hippocampal cells induced by Al₂O₃-NPs. Moreover, the role of AD-MSCs in reducing hippocampal cell death was reinforced by the regulation of P53, cleaved caspase-3, Aβ, and CYP2E1 proteins, as well as by the regulation of SOX2 and OCT4 levels and MAO-A and MAO-B activities.

The usage of materials with the potential to accelerate wound healing is a great benefit for patients and health care systems. This study evaluated the impact of using graphene oxide (GO)–cellulose nanocomposite on skin wound healing via in vitro and in vivo investigations. The nanomaterial was synthesized and characterized. Cytocompatibility performance of the GO-cellulose was investigated through in vitro testing based on MTT and live/dead assays by EA.hy926 human endothelial cells (ECs). Additionally, the effect of GO-cellulose on induced wound scratch model using EA.hy926 ECs was investigated. Finally, the therapeutic effect of GO-cellulose was evaluated in vivo after the creation of two full-thickness wounds in the dorsum of rats (8 mm diameter). These wounds were randomly placed into two groups, the control group (10 wounds) and the GO-cellulose group (10 wounds), and monitored for gross and histopathological changes at 7 and 21 days after wound induction. MTT and Live/Dead assays showed excellent GO-cellulose cytocompatibility, whereas no difference in ECs viability was observed after culturing using conditioned media. GO-cellulose nanocomposite enhanced cell migration in the in vitro wound scratch assay. As compared to the control group, the GO-cellulose nanocomposite group's wound healing process was promoted in the in vivo rat skin wounds. Interestingly, wound re-epithelization and neovascularization were significantly accelerated in the GO-cellulose-treated rats. Furthermore, thick granulation tissue formation and intense collagen deposition were found in the GO-cellulose group. These findings showed that GO-cellulose has a promoting effect on skin wound healing, suggesting its promising and potential application in tissue regeneration.