Thisstudynumericallyinvestigatesinclinedmagneto-hydrodynamicnaturalconvectioninaporouscavityfilledwithnanofluid containinggyrotacticmicroorganisms.Thegoverningequationsarenondimensionalizedandsolvedusingthefinitevolume method. The simulations examine the impact of keyparameters suchas heat source lengthandposition, Peclet number, porosity,andheatgeneration/absorptiononflowpatterns, temperaturedistribution,concentrationprofiles,andmicroorganism rotation.Resultsindicatethatextendingtheheatsourcelengthenhancesconvectivecurrentsandheattransferefficiency,while optimizing the heat sourceposition reduces entropygeneration.Higher Peclet numbers amplify convective currents and microorganismdistribution complexity.Variations inporosityandheat generation/absorption significantly influence flow dynamics. Additionally, the artificial neural networkmodel reliably predicts themeanNusselt andSherwood numbers ( ) Nu Sh & ,demonstratingitseffectiveness for suchanalyses.Thesimulationresults reveal that increasingtheheat source lengthsignificantlyenhancesheat transfer, asevidencedbya15%increaseinthemeanNusseltnumber.

Heat transfer through enhanced hydromagnetic mixed convection has the potential to be of long-term benefit in high-performance thermal equipment, hybrid fuel cell technologies, cooling systems for microelectronic devices, and subterranean cable networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of an inclined magnetic field thermal radiation and a heat source/sink on the flow and temperature behavior of an Aluminium oxide-Copper/water-based nanofluid in an undulating permeable enclosure enclosing a four-sided solid-block. A f inite volume technique is used to solve the given governing equations. In order to construct a discussion based on the results, streamlines and isotherm contours are employed to characterize the flow pattern and temperature distribution, respectively. The current findings, which show good agreement with those found in the earlier literature, confirm that the recommended approach is reliable. The analysis focuses on the influence of heat generation, heat source length, thermal radiation, porous medium porosity, and the dimensionless placement of the left heater factors on flow and heat transfer characteristics. The length of the heat source (B) of the fluid flow in the cavity is observed to increase everywhere except for the square solder block and shift the top of the wavy wall. The Nu m grows when the φ raises in thermal radiation. The average Nusselt number increases with increased porosity, although the rate of increase is faster in areas with higher heat flow

Thispaperaimstoexplore,through a numerical study, buoyant convective phenomena in a porous cavity containing a hybrid nanofluid, taking into account the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) approach. The cavity contains a solid block in the shape of a cross (þ). It will be helpful to develop and optimize the thermal systems with intricate geometries under LTNEconditions for a variety of applications.

In this paper, the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-radiation-natural convection of a hybrid nanofluid within a U-shaped wavy porous cavity is investigated. This problem has relevant applications in optimizing thermal managementsystemsinelectronic devices, solar energy collectors, and other industrial applications where efficient heat transfer is very important. The study is based on the application of a numerical approach using the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for the resolution of the governing equations, which incorporates the Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model for porous media. It was found that the increase of Hartmann number (Ha) causes a reduction of the average Nusselt number (Nu), with a maximum decrease of 25% observed as Ha increases from 0 to 50. In addition, the influence of the wall’s wave amplitude and the heat source length on the heat transfer rate was quantified, and it was revealed that at high wave amplitude, the average Nu increases by up to 15%. These findings suggest that manipulating magnetic field strength and cavity geometry can significantly enhance thermal performance. The novelty of this is related to the exploration of a U-shaped wavy cavity, which is not covered in previous studies, and to the detailed examination of the combined effects of magnetic fields, radiation, and hybrid nanofluids.