significantly tuned functional properties relevant for advanced device applications. Photoluminescence studies reveal modified optical behavior, with all composites showing reduced emission intensity. Blue shifts for Fe2O3 and Mn3O4 composites contrast with a violet shift observed in the CuO composite, reflected in an IB/IV ratio of 1.023, 1.018, and 0.936, respectively. Electrical characterization shows substantially enhanced performance in nanocomposites. Higher dielectric constants and improved AC conductivity values are recorded, particularly in ZnO/CuO samples. Relaxation dynamics shift toward higher frequencies, with peaks in the electric modulus (M’’) observed at 1860 kHz for ZnO/ CuO, compared to 100 kHz for pure ZnO, and Cole-Cole analysis confirming non-Debye type behavior. Unique electrical transport emerges in ZnO/Fe2O3, where two successive semicircles in impedance plots suggest complex charge conduction pathways with grain boundary resistance reaching 185 MΩ. Magnetic properties show notable enhancement through composite formation. All nanocomposites exhibit strengthened ferromagnetic character compared to pure ZnO, with saturation magnetization increasing progressively from 0.035 emu/g (ZnO) through 0.039 (ZnO/CuO), 0.050 (ZnO/Fe2O3), to 0.058 emu/g (ZnO/Mn3O4). The materials demonstrate hard magnetic behavior with coercivity values of 70–80 Oe and double exchange interactions dominating, supported by an effective magnetic anisotropy (Keff) increasing from 148 emu·Oe/g for ZnO to 432 emu·Oe/g for ZnO/Mn3O4. These simultaneous improvements across optical, electrical, and magnetic domains position ZnO/M nanocomposites as promising candidates for emerging technologies including spintronic devices, high frequency telecommunications, and advanced energy storage systems.

We report the structural and magnetic properties of pure nanoparticles (NPs) and graphite (G)-modified nano composites (NCs): G, CuO, Fe2O3, CuFe, Cu/G, Fe/G, and CuFe/G. XRD confirmed the formation of hexagonal, monoclinic, rhombohedral, and mixed structures. Magnetic characterization revealed that while G exhibits ferromagnetism (FM) alongside diamagnetism, the NPs and NCs display a complex mix of FM, antiferromagnetic (AFM), and paramagnetic behaviors. A key finding is that adding G to NPs modulates the saturated magneti zation (Ms), increasing it for Cu/G to 0.205 emu/g at 300 K but decreasing it for Fe/G and CuFe/G to approx imately 0.30 emu/g. Notably, the Ms for CuO NPs dramatically increased from 0.090 emu/g at 300 K to 0.827 emu/g at 10 K. Furthermore, the materials’ magnetic hardness was tunable: Fe2O3 NPs and Fe/G NCs were hard magnetic materials at 300 K with coercive fields (Hc) of 739 Oe and 344 Oe, respectively, while CuO NPs and CuFe/G NCs became hard magnetic at 10 K with Hc values of 8459 Oe and 448 Oe. The field-cooled and zero- field-cooled magnetization curves confirmed superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperatures (Tb) ranging from 200 K to 260 K. A N´ eel temperature (TN) of ~230 K was identified in Fe-containing samples, indicating AFM ordering. The switching field distribution (SFD) was single-peaked at 300 K but showed a double peak at 10 K for CuO, CuFe, and CuFe/G. These findings demonstrate that the investigated NPs and NCs, with their tunable magnetic properties, hold significant potential for applications in magnetic storage, spintronics, and magnetic hyperthermia.

Here, we compare the structural, dielectric, magnetic, and adsorption properties of two series of Zn 1-x RE x O nanoparticles (NPs) with x ≤ 0.20 and RE = Er or Nd. The majority of structural metrics are raised against x up to 0.10 in all NPs samples; however, they are higher for the Nd samples. The opposite behavior is also true for the ac electrical conductivity and dielectric constant against x, although they are higher for the Er samples. The quality factor, impedance, and series resistance are significantly increased against x, whereas the equivalent capacitance was decreased, such that they are higher for the Nd samples. The ZnO NPs exhibited poor ferro magnetic behavior of saturated magnetization (M s ) of 0.018 (emu/g). In contrast, the RE-doped ZnO NPs show ferromagnetic behavior such that the highest values of Ms (0.514 and 0.463 emu/g) obtained at x = 0.10 for Er and Nd. Furthermore, the RE ions shift the ZnO NPs from soft to hard magnetic materials along with high values of all magnetic parameters. Moreover, the ZnO NPs had the highest switching field distribution (SFD) of 60.95 Oe, whereas the incorporation of Er or Nd in the ZnO NPs induced a further reduction in SFD to 5.31 or 10.56 Oe. The 0.10 Er NPs showthe highest values of surface area (SA) and dye removal (DR%) of 63.22 m 2 /g and 72.07 %, respectively, whereas the lowest values of 38.89 m the 0.10 Nd NPs (51.95 m 2 2 /g and 59.49 % were obtained for ZnO NPs, and meanwhile /g and 63.77 %). This investigation paves the way for the original of RTFM in the RE doped ZnO NPs and is a promising candidate for some of the more advanced devices.

We reported here the first considered study of the optical and magnetic properties of biochar (BC)-modified CuO nanoparticles (NPs) for (CuO)x/(BC)1-x nanocomposites (NCs) with various x (0.00 ≤x ≤1.00). The BC and NC of x =0.05 confirm amorphous structures, whereas the CuO NPs and other NCs reveal monoclinic structures. Adding CuO NPs to BC changed the morphology of particles from aggregates to spherical and diminished the particle size and crystallite sizes. The EDX spectra exhibit characteristic peaks corresponding to the starting elements C, Cu, and O. The NCs of x =0.10 exhibit the highest value of oxygen weight percent (37.6 %), whereas the BC shows the lowest value of 2.9 %, and meanwhile the other samples. In general, the NCs show higher optical absorbance than the BC or CuO NPs. In addition, all samples show a single transition of unique energy gaps (Eg) of 2.95, 2.9, 3.2, 2.65, 2.7, 2.75, and 2.7 eV for the BC, NCs, and CuO NPs, respectively. As compared to NCs, the BC and x =0.50 and 1 (CuO NPs) samples reveal lower dielectric loss. The carrier density (N/m*) of BC is 0.86 ×1054 (g.cm3) 1, but it decreases with an increase of x to 0.20, and then enhances till reaches 2.46 ×1055 and 7.38 ×1055 (g.cm3) 1 for x =0.50 and 1, respectively. The single oscillator energy (Eo) is 8.73 eV for the BC, which is higher than the dispersion energy (Ed) of 3.65 eV, and the vice is true for the CuO NPs and NCs, where Ed >Eo. The BC reveals diamagnetic behavior, but it changed to ferromagnetic followed by diamagnetic for x = 0.05 NCs. Interestingly, the behavior changed to considerably ferromagnetic for x =0.10 and 0.20 NCs, but above that it becomes paramagnetic. The coercive field (Hc) of BC increased from 66 to 155.8 G with increasing x to 0.20, but above that it decreases to be lower than those of BC (66 G) and CuO NPs (44.2 G). The BC exhibited a small magnetic anisotropy (Keff) of 0.02 (emu⋅G/g), but the increase of x up to 0.0.05 was associated with the gradual development of Keff to 10.7 (emu⋅G/g), which is lower than that of CuO NPs (23.98 emu⋅G/g), whereas a further increase of x resulted in the Keff decreasing. These characteristics make some of the NCs more favorable than BC or CuO NCs for the devices of light-emitting diodes, solar cells, magnetic data storage, and spintronics.

We reported here the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Zn1−xCoxO nanorods (NRs) with x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.30 wt%. The Zn1−xCoxO NRs samples were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and given the symbols S0, S1, S2, and S3 for x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.30 wt%,  respectively. It is found that all NR samples were grown along the (002) plane and have a hexagonal  structure. As the Co level increases up to 0.30 wt%, the crystallite size and the texture coefficient are  respectively decreased from 57 nm to 0.98 to 25 nm and 0.70. While the diameter of NRs increased  from 347 to 1730 nm. Interestingly, the weight% (wt %) of O was increased with increasing Co  level. The optical band gap (Eg) was found to be 3.32 eV for the undoped ZnO NRs (S0) and reduced  to 2.24 eV with more increase of Co up to 0.30 wt%. At 300 K, the So and S1 exhibit diamagnetic  behavior over the field range. For S2, such behavior became weakly ferromagnetic at H ≤ 2000  Oe and diamagnetic at H > 2000 Oe. In contrast, the S3 exhibits strong ferromagnetic behavior of  magnetization (M) = 0.14 emu/g at 20 kOe. However, with decreasing temperature to 10 K, the  paramagnetic behavior is dominant for all NRs. However, all NRs samples revealed a hysteresis  loop After subtracting the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions from the M-H curves. The  S2 showed the highest value for coercive field of 256 and 263 Oe, as compared to the other NRs  (15–65 Oe). Although S3 shows the softest magnetic properties among all samples (with coercive  f ields of 15–27 Oe), it exhibits the strongest ferromagnetic behavior. The Zfc/Fc measurements show  that all the samples are paramagnetic by nature with no sign for blocking temperature of magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the residual magnetization values measured at 300 K (from both FC and  ZFC curves) show a general increasing trend with cobalt doping concentration, with measured values  of 6.45 × 10⁻⁹, 2.13 × 10⁻⁴, 8.71 × 10⁻⁵, and 6.45 × 10⁻² emu/g for samples S0 through S3, respectively.  This work provides new insights into the correlation between electrochemical growth conditions,  defect chemistry, and room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped ZnO systems, advancing beyond previous reports through its demonstration of bandgap tuning and robust ferromagnetism in electrochemically grown NRs and temperature-dependent magnetic phase transitions directly correlated with structural parameters

In this study, epoxy–cement composites with different concentrations of cement nanofiller and ~67.5 nm in size (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were synthesized using the solution casting method. The epoxy–cement composites’ structural, mechanical, wettability, roughness, and thermal insulation were investigated. The synthesized epoxy resin is amorphous, whereasepoxy–cementcompositesarecrystalline, and its crystallinity dependson the filler ratio. The incorporated cement hindered the spread of cracks and voids in the composite with few illuminated regions, and the epoxy/cement interface was identified. The Shore D hardness, impact strength, and flexural strength gradually increased to 92.3, 6.1 kJ/m2, and 40.6 MPa, respectively, with an increase in the cement ratio up to 20 wt%. In contrast, the incorporation of a cement ratio of up to 20 wt% reduced thermal conductivity from 0.22 to 0.16 W/m·K.Thesefindingsindicatedthat resin andcementnanoparticle fillers affected the chemical composition of epoxy, which resulted in high molecular compaction and thus strong mechanical resistance and enhanced thermal insulation. The roughness and water contact angle (WCA) of epoxy increased by increasing the cement nanofiller. In contrast, the surface energy (γ) of a solid surface decreased, indicating an inverse relation compared to the behavior of roughness and WCA. The reduction in γ and the creation of a rough surface with higher WCA can produce a suitable hydrophobic surface of lower wettability on the epoxy surface. Accordingly, the developed epoxy–cement composites benefit building construction requirements, among other engineering applications.

This study systematically investigates the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of Zn1−xAgxO nanoparticles (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) synthesized through an energy-efficient co-precipitation method at 60 °C. Comprehensive characteriza tion using XRD with Rietveld refinement confirms the successful incorporation of Ag+ ions into the ZnO lattice while maintaining its hexagonal wurtzite structure, with crystallite sizes decreasing from 71.06 nm (undoped) to 37.67 nm (x = 0.04). Optical analysis reveals a controlled bandgap reduction from 3.00 eV to 2.75 eV with increasing Ag content, significantly enhancing visible light absorption. The optimized Ag-ZnO photocatalyst demonstrates exceptional perfor mance with 89.8% methylene blue degradation under UV irradiation. These findings highlight the material’s potential for industrial wastewater treatment applications, while also identifying the need for further bandgap engineering to improve sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity through co-doping strategies or heterojunction formation.

This work presents a systematic composition-dependent strategy to enhance the pseudocapacitance performance of Ni_xMn_1-x@NiCo layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites synthesized via a two-step electrodeposition method. The tailored NiCo LDH nanoflower morphology is strongly influenced by the embedded Ni_xMn_1-x nanocomposites, enabling interfacial synergy and tunable electrochemical behavior. Spectroscopic analyses confirm the evolution of bonding states between the LDH matrix and Ni_xMn_1-x phases. Among the tested compositions, Ni₀.₅Mn₀.₅@NiCo LDH delivers the highest specific capacitance of 3825 F∙g⁻¹ at 1 A∙g⁻¹, while Ni₀.₇Mn₀.₃@NiCo LDH demonstrates better cycling stability and energy retention. When assembled into a hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor, the optimized electrode achieves an energy density of 166.45 μWh∙cm⁻² at 9.45 mW∙cm⁻² and maintains 134.74 μWh∙cm⁻² at 47.87 mW∙cm⁻², with 63 % capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. This study introduces a tunable design approach for high-performance energy storage devices.

Tunable optoelectronic matter is required to generate next-generation devices that involve adjustable light and
electricity exchanges. By altering material’s properties, such as absorption, researchers can attain more effective
materials that can be suitable candidate for optoelectronic applications. Polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene oxide
(PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles (NP) were utilized to
fabricate PC/PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 nanocomposite (NC). The Cr2O3 NPs were synthesized via the sol gel method;
the average particle size is19.73 ± 0.49 nm, as indicated from the profex refinement of the XRD scans. Samples
from the synthesized NC membranes were exposed to γ ray doses from 20 to 120 kGy. Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopies were carried out to realize the outcomes of the impact of γ radiation on the
structural and optical properties of the NC membranes. The influence of the γ radiation on the light absorbance,
refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, Urbach energy and optical bandgaps of the PC/PEO/
PMMA/Cr2O3 NC membranes was studied. The absorbance of the NC membranes increased as they were exposed
to γ doses up to 120 kGy. The improvement in absorbance was associated with a reduction in both direct and
indirect bandgaps. A decrease from 4.48 to 4.28 eV for direct, and from 2.72 to 2.20 for indirect transitions has
been observed. At the same time, an increase of Urbach energy from 0.16 to 0.51 eV was observed. Also, the
optical dielectric loss (ε”) was utilized for the identification of the type of microelectronic transitions for the PC/
PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 NC membranes, which was recognized to be a direct allowed transition. Additionally, both
the refractive index and optical conductivity increased with increasing dose up to 120 kGy. Moreover, the color
intensity (ΔE) which is the color differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated samples were calculated
using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color differences technique. The results indicated
significant color difference as ΔE reached 37 (>5). The perceived modifications in optical properties of the PC/
PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 NC highlight the possibility of utilizing it in optoelectronic applications

A comprehensive electronic investigation of Bambuterol Hydrochloride (BMBH) was conducted to
explore its structural properties, adsorption behavior on graphene, molecular docking interactions,
and molecular dynamics perturbations. FT-IR and XRD characteristics were performed to support
the structural identity. Geometry optimization and theoretical calculations were carried out to study
the structural and electronic properties of BMBH. The nature of hydrogen and halogen bonding
interactions was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, atoms in molecules (AIM)
theory, and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis. Additionally, electron localization function
(ELF) analysis provided deeper insights into the chemical bonding characteristics of BMB. Adsorption
locator modelling was involved to allow activated carbon-carriers for sustained and controlled drug
release, which helps maintain therapeutic drug levels in the body over time, reducing the frequency
of administration. Molecular docking analysis was performed to assess the interaction of BMBH with
key biological targets, revealing its potential pharmacological relevance. The inhibitory interaction
of BMB with the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme, which is a major cause of dementia and Alzheimer’s
disease, has been investigated based on molecular modelling. In addition to that the interaction
between BMB and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) was assessed using molecular Docking and Molecular
dynamics studies to investigate its transportation and bioavailability. Additionally, molecular dynamics
simulations were employed to evaluate the structural perturbations and dynamic behaviour of the
BMBH/graphene and BMB/target complexes over time. The study offers a detailed understanding
of the electronic and interactional properties of BMB, contributing to its potential applications in
nanomaterial-based drug delivery and therapeutic interventions.
Keywords BMBH drug, Computational study, DFT calculations, Graphene adsorption, Molecular docking,
Dynamic simulation