Measurements of the production yields of charm baryons ( Λ _c⁺) and charm mesons ( D 0 ) in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 8.16 Te V are presented. The data were collected in 2016 with the
CMS experiment and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 186 nb −1 . The Λ _c⁺ baryon is reconstructed from
the decay channel Λ + → K 0S p , while the D 0 meson is reconstructed via D 0 → K − π + . The Λ +c baryon and D 0
meson yields are extracted in several charged-particle multiplicity classes. No strong multiplicity dependence of
the Λ -to- D 0 yield ratio is observed, unlike the observed strange baryon to strange meson yield ratio of Λ∕Λ
to K 0S , which shows a strong multiplicity dependence. This observation indicates different mechanisms for the
multiplicity evolution of hadronization processes for charm and strange quarks and provides new constraints to
the understanding of heavy flavor production and collectivity in small collision systems.

The most precise measurement to date of the W boson hadronic decay branching fraction ratio 𝑅 c = ℬ (W →
cq)∕ ℬ (W → qq ) is presented. The measurement is based on a sample of proton-proton collision data from the
CERN LHC collected by the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016--2018 with an integrated
luminosity of 138 fb −1 . The large cross section of top quark-antiquark production at the LHC offers a sizable high­
purity sample of W bosons suitable for this measurement. Events with one charged lepton (electron or muon)
and at least four jets, two tagged as bottom quark jets, are analyzed. Charm jets are tagged using the presence
of a muon inside the jet. The result, 𝑅 c = 0.489 ± 0.020 , is consistent with the standard model prediction and is
twice as precise as the current world-average value.

A first search for beyond the standard model physics in jet multiplicity patterns of multilepton events is
presented, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 of 13 TeV proton-
proton collisions recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. The search uses observed jet multiplicity
distributions in one-, two-, and four-lepton events to explore possible enhancements in jet production rate in
three-lepton events with and without bottom quarks. The data are found to be consistent with the standard
model expectation. The results are interpreted in terms of supersymmetric production of electroweak
chargino-neutralino superpartners with cascade decays terminating in prompt hadronic R-parity violating
interactions.

Abstract
The great advantage of plasma technology in harnessing abundant clean energy for electrifying and decentralizing the chemical industry holds the promise of attaining carbon neutrality. Therefore, recent research efforts have been dedicated to reducing the energy costs of plasma processes to facilitate the commercialization of this technology. How￾ever, it has been noted an inconsistency in reporting energy costs across the literature resulted from inaccurate estimation of power consumption within the system, leading to the misevaluation of the process, its underlying mechanism, and the significance of critical factors. This study comprehensively addresses these challenges by discussing and refining 
methods for estimating power consumption in a plasma system. Insights are drawn from our ongoing research in plasma NOx synthesis, specifically a thorough analysis of the discharge dynamics in a recently developed reactor “high-frequency spark discharge” using a high-speed camera, ICCD camera, and high-performance oscilloscope at various pulse widths of the applied voltage. The investigation revealed the importance of accounting for the post-spark period in the voltage cycle during power estimation, as it demonstrates an influence on NOx synthesis. Furthermore, the study highlighted and addressed critical errors in power measurement and energy cost estimation in the literature. It is found that a significant error, exceeding±70%, arises from overlooking signals delay in the setup and improper adjustment of oscilloscope functions, particularly channel impedance, data averaging, bandwidth, and sampling rate. This paper serves as a valuable guide towards establishing standardized measurements toward the precise estimation of energy costs in 
plasma processes.

Abstract 
Expanding a nonthermal plasma jet to treat a large area is considered as one of the big challenges for industrial applications. Unlike conventional upscaling methods using multi-tubes, this work reports a new approach to obtain a stable, large-volume, wide-area, and long plasma plume from a single tube. The wide plasma jet is achieved using a hollow dielectric cylinder (HDC) embedded perpendicular to the flow of helium inside a wide glass tube (diameter: 26 mm). In addition to the capability of the developed device to launch long and wide plasma plumes, it exhibits low operating power that makes the plasma plume maintain at a temperature close to the room temperature. Furthermore, the jet has a flickering pattern resembling a candle flame, similar to the observed phenomenon in the recently developed plasma candle device utilizing a microporous disc. Additionally, the millimeter-sized hollows in the HDC prevent any pressure drop across it, offering a distinct advantage over plasma candle devices. The investigation revealed that the narrow channels within the HDC intensify the electric field in the device, which is necessary to overcome the comparatively weak electric field in the wide tube. To gain deeper insights into the pivotal factors contributing to launching a stable plasma jet, the plume was monitored using a high-speed camera under different configurations of the developed device. It is found that the arrangement of the HDC locations and the electrodes inside the glass tube are important to form a stable plasma jet; two distinct plasma zones are observed inside the developed device and optimizing their ratio is a crucial parameter contributing to launching a strong, stable, and wide plasma jet. The presented techniques and findings can be applied to improve the uniformity of plasma jets launched from conventional multi-tube devices. 

Electricity-based chemical conversion is now recognized as a crucial technology for strengthening renewable energy in the pursuit of carbon neutrality. Atmospheric pressure plasmas have potential for nitrogen fixation when coupled with renewable energy, due to their ease of startup and shutdown, as well as their ability to adapt quickly to changing operating parameters. This short review highlights the plasma-based NOx formation, with a particular focus on advancements in NOx yield and energy cost over the past five years. Warm plasmas have
demonstrated greater effectiveness than nonthermal plasmas in NOx production. Recent improvements in NOx yield and
energy efficiency are discussed, along with a future outlook on their potential in power-to-X applications.

A search for heavy neutral gauge bosons (Z 0 ) decaying into a pair of tau leptons is performed in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV at the CERN LHC. The data were collected with the CMS detector and
correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb ⁻¹ . The observations are found to be in agreement with the
expectation from standard model processes. Limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the Z^'
production cross section and its branching fraction to tau lepton pairs for a range of Z^' boson masses. For a
narrow resonance in the sequential standard model scenario, a Z^' boson with a mass below 3.5 TeV is
excluded. This is the most stringent limit to date from this type of search.

Data analyses in particle physics rely on an accu-
rate simulation of particle collisions and a detailed simula-
tion of detector effects to extract physics knowledge from
the recorded data. Event generators together with a geant-
based simulation of the detectors are used to produce large
samples of simulated events for analysis by the LHC experi-
ments. These simulations come at a high computational cost,
where the detector simulation and reconstruction algorithms
have the largest CPU demands. This article describes how
machine-learning (ML) techniques are used to reweight sim-
ulated samples obtained with a given set of parameters to
samples with different parameters or samples obtained from
entirely different simulation programs. The ML reweighting
method avoids the need for simulating the detector response
multiple times by incorporating the relevant information in a
single sample through event weights. Results are presented
for reweighting to model variations and higher-order calcula-
tions in simulated top quark pair production at the LHC. This
ML-based reweighting is an important element of the future
computing model of the CMS experiment and will facilitate
precision measurements at the High-Luminosity LHC.