NULLBackground: Bladder urothelial carcinoma has high recurrence rate so patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma have to be monitored thoroughly for disease recurrence, this makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive cancer types for the health care system. Voided urine cytology is the most commonly used noninvasive follow-up diagnostic tool. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of voided urine cytology for the follow-up of patients with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC). Materials and methods: In total, 200 patients were enrolled in this study. Both urine cytology and cystoscopy were done for each patient every three months and end-point of the surveillance was at 9 months after the first collection of urine and first cystoscopy done. In each time we correlate the findings of urine cytology and cystoscopy. Results: The sensitivity of voided urine cytology was low while the specificity of voided urine cytology was high after their estimation every three months for nine months. The positive predictive value of voided urine cytology was 0.867, while the negative predictive value was 0.919 at the end point of surveillance. None of the 180 patients with negative results of both cytology and cystoscopy developed recurrence for 6 months after initial diagnosis. Conclusion: Cytology has higher specificity than sensitivity especially for high grade urothelial carcinoma and high predictive value but it still was not sufficiently good to be a substitute for cystoscopy. However, follow-up cystoscopy may be temporarily postponed for a period of 6 month if urine cytology is negative.

NULLBackground: Bladder urothelial carcinoma has high recurrence rate so patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma have to be monitored thoroughly for disease recurrence, this makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive cancer types for the health care system. Voided urine cytology is the most commonly used noninvasive follow-up diagnostic tool. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of voided urine cytology for the follow-up of patients with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC). Materials and methods: In total, 200 patients were enrolled in this study. Both urine cytology and cystoscopy were done for each patient every three months and end-point of the surveillance was at 9 months after the first collection of urine and first cystoscopy done. In each time we correlate the findings of urine cytology and cystoscopy. Results: The sensitivity of voided urine cytology was low while the specificity of voided urine cytology was high after their estimation every three months for nine months. The positive predictive value of voided urine cytology was 0.867, while the negative predictive value was 0.919 at the end point of surveillance. None of the 180 patients with negative results of both cytology and cystoscopy developed recurrence for 6 months after initial diagnosis. Conclusion: Cytology has higher specificity than sensitivity especially for high grade urothelial carcinoma and high predictive value but it still was not sufficiently good to be a substitute for cystoscopy. However, follow-up cystoscopy may be temporarily postponed for a period of 6 month if urine cytology is negative.

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

Purpose: We assessed the effect of tamsulosin as an adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 children with a unilateral single renal pelvic stone were included in a prospective randomized, controlled study. All children were randomized to 2 equal groups. Group 1 received tamsulosin (0.01 mg/kg once daily) as adjunctive therapy after shock wave lithotripsy in addition to paracetamol while group 2 received paracetamol only. Stone clearance was defined as no renal stone fragments or fragments less than 3 mm and no pelvicalyceal system dilatation. Results: Our study included 69 boys and 51 girls with a median age of 3.5 years and a median stone size of 1.2 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in stone or patient criteria. Of the children 99 (82.5%) achieved stone clearance after the first session, including 50 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. All children in each group were cleared of stones after the second session. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between single session stone clearance rates (p ¼ 0.81) and complications rates (p ¼ 0.432) in either group. On multivariate analysis using logistic regression smaller stone size (p ¼ 0.016) and radiopaque stones (p ¼ 0.019) were the only predictors of stone clearance at a single shock wave lithotripsy session. Tamsulosin therapy did not affect stone clearance (p ¼ 0.649). Conclusions: Tamsulosin does not seem to improve renal stone clearance. Smaller and radiopaque renal stones have more chance of clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric single renal pelvic stones.NULL

The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequencies of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in children with ASD. Subjects were 32 children with ASD and 30 healthy children as controls. The numbers of mDCs and pDCs and the expression of CD86 and CD80 on the entire DCs were detected by flow cytometry. ASD children had significantly higher percentages of mDCs and pDCs when compared to controls. We found significant inverse relationships between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the frequencies of mDCs and pDCs in autistic children. Our data suggested that DCs could play a role in the clinical course of ASD. The relationship of DCs to immune disorders in ASD remains to be determined.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequencies of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in children with ASD. Subjects were 32 children with ASD and 30 healthy children as controls. The numbers of mDCs and pDCs and the expression of CD86 and CD80 on the entire DCs were detected by flow cytometry. ASD children had significantly higher percentages of mDCs and pDCs when compared to controls. We found significant inverse relationships between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the frequencies of mDCs and pDCs in autistic children. Our data suggested that DCs could play a role in the clinical course of ASD. The relationship of DCs to immune disorders in ASD remains to be determined.