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The current study was carried out to study the acute captopril-induced hypotension and to evaluate the possibility to use naloxone as antidote in the refractory cases in human aiming at establishment of a new strategy for treating such cases. Fifty eight patients, of both sexes aging 3-26 years were admitted at El-Minia Poisoning Control Center (PCC) during the period from 1-7-2003 to 3-12-2004 presented with acute captopril overdose (1000-1500mg) with a delay time 2-3 hours post-ingestion and presented with severe hypotension (Systolic: 65.5 ± 2.5/ Diastolic: 41 ± 2), underwent the current study. Treatment of such cases was first started with fluid challenge with physiologic saline (1.5-2 L./4h). If the cases was not improving within 4 hours, vasopressor, dopamine was administrated (2-5mcg/kg/min and then titrated to 10mcg/kg/min). If the later failed in correcting hypotension within 4 hours, the case was considered refractory to this line of treatment and naloxone was given (1.6-2.4mg) as intravenous bolus with continuous intravenous infusion of the same drug (0.4/h). to avoid repeat bolus administration for 4 hours. The last drug to be administrated if no response to naloxone within 4 hours was epinephrine infusion (0.1-0.2mcg/kg/h). The results of the current study revealed that among the 58 studied patients, only 24 patients (41.38%) responded to fluid therapy along, 19 of the remaining 34 patients (32.76%) responded to vasopressor administration 9 of the remaining 15 patients (15.52%) responded to naloxone administration, and the remaining 6 patients responded to epinephrine (10.34%). It could be concluded that naloxone is an effective drug and should be utilized in treating prolonged captopril-induced hypotension in human which is refractory to fluid and vasopressor therapy.

This study aimed to identify the species of blood stain whether human or animal by using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through determination of bands, rate of flow (RF) and the molecular weight (MW) of proteins. A total of 22 samples of blood stain were collected from human and animal blood. Three human blood stains were derived from the cephalic veins of child (3 years), middle aged male (35 years) and old aged female (62 years) volunteers. The forth human sample was obtained from menstrual blood of young female aged 28 years. Animal blood stains were derived from three different group. The first group was farm animals including cow, camel, horse, dog, cat, sheep, goat, donkey. The 2nd group was experimental animals including rabbit, rat, mice, and guinea pig. The last group include chicken, pigeon, turkey, duck and goose. It was found that the three human samples and rabbit give the same number of bands (14 bands) with similar rate of flow and similar molecular weight. While the number of bands in menstrual blood stain were 22 bands. However the number of bands were variable in the animals samples ranging from 8 (in pigeon) to 26 (in Goat). According to the molecular weight from 31 to 40 kilo Dalton were present in all samples except in middle aged male while MWS from 274- 280 Kda were only present in turkey. Also the RF values were variable in different samples ranges from 0.001 as the first band observed in turkey up to RF 0.925 shown by the last band in chicken on the other hand some bands had identical RF values as in menstrual blood and dog (RF 0.280). In conclusion by using 10% SDS- PAGE, the species of blood stain could be identified the number of bands, RF value and the molecular weight of proteins.

This study aimed to identify the species of blood stain whether human or animal by using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through determination of bands, rate of flow (RF) and the molecular weight (MW) of proteins. A total of 22 samples of blood stain were collected from human and animal blood. Three human blood stains were derived from the cephalic veins of child (3 years), middle aged male (35 years) and old aged female (62 years) volunteers. The forth human sample was obtained from menstrual blood of young female aged 28 years. Animal blood stains were derived from three different group. The first group was farm animals including cow, camel, horse, dog, cat, sheep, goat, donkey. The 2nd group was experimental animals including rabbit, rat, mice, and guinea pig. The last group include chicken, pigeon, turkey, duck and goose. It was found that the three human samples and rabbit give the same number of bands (14 bands) with similar rate of flow and similar molecular weight. While the number of bands in menstrual blood stain were 22 bands. However the number of bands were variable in the animals samples ranging from 8 (in pigeon) to 26 (in Goat). According to the molecular weight from 31 to 40 kilo Dalton were present in all samples except in middle aged male while MWS from 274- 280 Kda were only present in turkey. Also the RF values were variable in different samples ranges from 0.001 as the first band observed in turkey up to RF 0.925 shown by the last band in chicken on the other hand some bands had identical RF values as in menstrual blood and dog (RF 0.280). In conclusion by using 10% SDS- PAGE, the species of blood stain could be identified the number of bands, RF value and the molecular weight of proteins.

This study aimed to identify the species of blood stain whether human or animal by using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through determination of bands, rate of flow (RF) and the molecular weight (MW) of proteins. A total of 22 samples of blood stain were collected from human and animal blood. Three human blood stains were derived from the cephalic veins of child (3 years), middle aged male (35 years) and old aged female (62 years) volunteers. The forth human sample was obtained from menstrual blood of young female aged 28 years. Animal blood stains were derived from three different group. The first group was farm animals including cow, camel, horse, dog, cat, sheep, goat, donkey. The 2nd group was experimental animals including rabbit, rat, mice, and guinea pig. The last group include chicken, pigeon, turkey, duck and goose. It was found that the three human samples and rabbit give the same number of bands (14 bands) with similar rate of flow and similar molecular weight. While the number of bands in menstrual blood stain were 22 bands. However the number of bands were variable in the animals samples ranging from 8 (in pigeon) to 26 (in Goat). According to the molecular weight from 31 to 40 kilo Dalton were present in all samples except in middle aged male while MWS from 274- 280 Kda were only present in turkey. Also the RF values were variable in different samples ranges from 0.001 as the first band observed in turkey up to RF 0.925 shown by the last band in chicken on the other hand some bands had identical RF values as in menstrual blood and dog (RF 0.280). In conclusion by using 10% SDS- PAGE, the species of blood stain could be identified the number of bands, RF value and the molecular weight of proteins.

This study aimed to identify the species of blood stain whether human or animal by using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through determination of bands, rate of flow (RF) and the molecular weight (MW) of proteins. A total of 22 samples of blood stain were collected from human and animal blood. Three human blood stains were derived from the cephalic veins of child (3 years), middle aged male (35 years) and old aged female (62 years) volunteers. The forth human sample was obtained from menstrual blood of young female aged 28 years. Animal blood stains were derived from three different group. The first group was farm animals including cow, camel, horse, dog, cat, sheep, goat, donkey. The 2nd group was experimental animals including rabbit, rat, mice, and guinea pig. The last group include chicken, pigeon, turkey, duck and goose. It was found that the three human samples and rabbit give the same number of bands (14 bands) with similar rate of flow and similar molecular weight. While the number of bands in menstrual blood stain were 22 bands. However the number of bands were variable in the animals samples ranging from 8 (in pigeon) to 26 (in Goat). According to the molecular weight from 31 to 40 kilo Dalton were present in all samples except in middle aged male while MWS from 274- 280 Kda were only present in turkey. Also the RF values were variable in different samples ranges from 0.001 as the first band observed in turkey up to RF 0.925 shown by the last band in chicken on the other hand some bands had identical RF values as in menstrual blood and dog (RF 0.280). In conclusion by using 10% SDS- PAGE, the species of blood stain could be identified the number of bands, RF value and the molecular weight of proteins.

The outcome of drug interaction may be harmful if the interaction causes an increase in the toxicity of the involved drugs. The aim of this work is to study the possible interaction of three drugs: Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA), Lisinopril, and Spironolactone, which are commonly used in the treatment of cardiac diseases and to investigate their effects on the kidney. Two hundred female albino rats with an average weight of 180 ± 20 grams were included and divided into eight groups. Group I was fed on ordinary rat diet was used as a control group. Group II was given ASA, orally in a dose 100mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water. Group III was given spironolactone, orally in a dose 30mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water. Group IV was given lisinopril, orally in a dose 20mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water. Group V was given both ASA and spironolactone, orally in the same doses. Group VI was given ASA and lisinopril. Group VII was given spironolactone and lisinopril. Group VIII was given ASA, spironolacone, and lisinopril. After thirteen weeks of daily treatment blood samples were taken from the rats for measurement of serum urea, creatinine, and potassium. Then these rats were sacrificed and dissected for light microscopic examination of their kidneys and adrenal glands. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in serum urea concentration in groups V (ASA and spironolactone), VI (ASA and lisinopril), VII (spironolactone and lisinopril), VIII (ASA, spironolactone and lisinopril), and a highly significant increase in group II (ASA). The results revealed a significant increase in serum creatinine concentration in groups IV (lisinopril), VI and VIII. A highly significant increase in serum creatinine concentration was observed in groups II, III (spironolactone), V and VII. There was a significant increase in serum potassium concentration in groups III, IV, V, VII, and VIII. Histopathological examination of the kidney specimens showed cloudy swelling in groups II, III, V, VI, VII, and VIII. Inflammatory cellular infiltration mainly by lymphocytes was observed in groups II, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII. There were hyperlobulation of the glomeruli in groups II, and VI. Groups IV, V, and VI showed fatty degeneration. Casts in the tubular lumen were detected in group III. The results revealed thick walled blood vessels in groups IV, VI and mesengial cell hyperplasia in group VI. Histopathological examination of the adrenal gland specimens showed spironolactone bodies in groups. III, V, VII, and VIII. Therefore, it is recommended that the combination of aspirin and lisinopril is not safe and should be avoided especially in patients with renal diseases. Sprionolactone should be taken with caution when administered with lisinopril for fear of serious hyperkalemia and it is better to be administered with drugs causing hypokalemia such as thiazide diuretics.

Injuries and fatalities occur in all forms of transportation but numerically road traffic accidents account for great majority worldwide. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major health problem all over the world. In developing countries, traffic accidents are the most common cause of death below the age of 50 years in young men. Also RTAs represents the fifth most important cause of death for women. The present study giving an idea about incidence of road traffic accidents in Assiut Governorate. All reports of these accidents (1792 reports) of victims admitted to the Casualty Department of Assiut University Hospital during the year 2002 were investigated. Males to female ratio was 4.8: 1 and most victims were aged between 11 to 50 (65.23%). The majority of male victims were aged from 11 to 40 years (59.97%) and the majority of female victims were aged from 0 to 10 (35.39%). Injuries of extremities were reported in 31.34% especially the lower limbs, and the most frequent single region affected was the head (28.07%) followed by multiple injuries (19.59%). Improvement was reported in 73.66% of cases while deaths were 8.82%. Disability was reported in 0.56% of the cases. The highest percentage of improvement was reported among those with injuries to extremities (76.29%) followed by those with head injuries (65.61%). The study revealed that the highest percent of accidents was in August (11.105%) and December (9.933%). Autopsy was not performed in any fatal case. Community health education about road safety, availability of well trained emergency physicians, early ambulance and well equipped hospitals to deal with road traffic accident victims also autopsy of dead victims and drug analysis of blood and urine as a routine were recommended.

Injuries and fatalities occur in all forms of transportation but numerically road traffic accidents account for great majority worldwide. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major health problem all over the world. In developing countries, traffic accidents are the most common cause of death below the age of 50 years in young men. Also RTAs represents the fifth most important cause of death for women. The present study giving an idea about incidence of road traffic accidents in Assiut Governorate. All reports of these accidents (1792 reports) of victims admitted to the Casualty Department of Assiut University Hospital during the year 2002 were investigated. Males to female ratio was 4.8: 1 and most victims were aged between 11 to 50 (65.23%). The majority of male victims were aged from 11 to 40 years (59.97%) and the majority of female victims were aged from 0 to 10 (35.39%). Injuries of extremities were reported in 31.34% especially the lower limbs, and the most frequent single region affected was the head (28.07%) followed by multiple injuries (19.59%). Improvement was reported in 73.66% of cases while deaths were 8.82%. Disability was reported in 0.56% of the cases. The highest percentage of improvement was reported among those with injuries to extremities (76.29%) followed by those with head injuries (65.61%). The study revealed that the highest percent of accidents was in August (11.105%) and December (9.933%). Autopsy was not performed in any fatal case. Community health education about road safety, availability of well trained emergency physicians, early ambulance and well equipped hospitals to deal with road traffic accident victims also autopsy of dead victims and drug analysis of blood and urine as a routine were recommended.