Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Individuals exposed to HBV show wide spectrum outcomes including immunized persons, asymptomatic carrier, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. The outcome of HBV infection and the severity of associated liver diseases are determined by the nature and strength of host immune responses against the virus. There is accumulating evidence that the innate branch of the host immune system plays an important role in the control of HBV infection. Various components, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) contribute to this nonspecific innate immune response .TLR3 play an important role in innate immune response against viral pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3 could be considered as factors for the susceptibility to viral pathogens including HBV. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of six SNPs of the TLR3 gene in patients infected with HBV and to study the relation between these SNPs and the clearance of hepatitis B virus. These SNPs were tested by direct sequencing. Three groups were investigated: chronic HBV carrier (25 patients), chronic active HBV carrier (16 patients) and 13 persons who are previously exposed to HBV and become immunized. These 3 groups were examined for six SNPs (rs5743311, rs5743312, rs5743313, rs5743314, rs5743315, and rs78726532). The analysis confirmed that GCTCCA haplotype and CCA haplotype showed significant higher frequency in immunized group when compared to chronic hepatitis B groups. These findings indicate that genetic variations in the TLR3 gene could affect the outcome of HBV infection.

Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metal on the Earth crust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short term exposure to aluminum sulphate on the bone development of the fetuses in rats, and if folic acid has a protective role upon that effects or not. Forty female rats were used, ten per group, GI served as negative control (receive nothing except normal feeding and water), GII served as positive control (receive water by gastric gavage), GIII treated with aluminum sulphate orally by gastric gavage and GIV treated with aluminum sulphate with folic acid. Mating occurred and known by presence of vaginal plug in the female rats. Rats were killed on day 18 of gestation. Results: The female rats weight were significantly reduced in the treated group if compared with the control group (p > 0.001), all parameters of the fetuses, fetal weight, malformation and the crown rump length reduced significantly p value were 0.000, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively. In histopathological results the aluminum treated group showed severe limited area of preossfication in fetuses vertebrae. Folic acid gave a protective role for all the hazardous effects of aluminum sulphate and prove the diameters measured and also the histopathological effects. Conclusion: Aluminum sulphate can produce hazardous effects on bone of the fetuses, which may affect the life style of these fetuses later on. Folic acid might give a protective role and so should be given to females who tried to conceive.

Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metal on the Earth crust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short term exposure to aluminum sulphate on the bone development of the fetuses in rats, and if folic acid has a protective role upon that effects or not. Forty female rats were used, ten per group, GI served as negative control (receive nothing except normal feeding and water), GII served as positive control (receive water by gastric gavage), GIII treated with aluminum sulphate orally by gastric gavage and GIV treated with aluminum sulphate with folic acid. Mating occurred and known by presence of vaginal plug in the female rats. Rats were killed on day 18 of gestation. Results: The female rats weight were significantly reduced in the treated group if compared with the control group (p > 0.001), all parameters of the fetuses, fetal weight, malformation and the crown rump length reduced significantly p value were 0.000, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively. In histopathological results the aluminum treated group showed severe limited area of preossfication in fetuses vertebrae. Folic acid gave a protective role for all the hazardous effects of aluminum sulphate and prove the diameters measured and also the histopathological effects. Conclusion: Aluminum sulphate can produce hazardous effects on bone of the fetuses, which may affect the life style of these fetuses later on. Folic acid might give a protective role and so should be given to females who tried to conceive.

Aluminum sulphate has a significant toxic effects for humans. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metal on the Earth crust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short term exposure to aluminum sulphate on the bone development of the fetuses in rats, and if folic acid has a protective role upon that effects or not. Forty female rats were used, ten per group, GI served as negative control (receive nothing except normal feeding and water), GII served as positive control (receive water by gastric gavage), GIII treated with aluminum sulphate orally by gastric gavage and GIV treated with aluminum sulphate with folic acid. Mating occurred and known by presence of vaginal plug in the female rats. Rats were killed on day 18 of gestation. Results: The female rats weight were significantly reduced in the treated group if compared with the control group (p > 0.001), all parameters of the fetuses, fetal weight, malformation and the crown rump length reduced significantly p value were 0.000, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively. In histopathological results the aluminum treated group showed severe limited area of preossfication in fetuses vertebrae. Folic acid gave a protective role for all the hazardous effects of aluminum sulphate and prove the diameters measured and also the histopathological effects. Conclusion: Aluminum sulphate can produce hazardous effects on bone of the fetuses, which may affect the life style of these fetuses later on. Folic acid might give a protective role and so should be given to females who tried to conceive.

ABSTRACT: Background: Bone marrow biopsies are generally included in the initial staging evaluation of NHL and BM involvement has unique prognostic implication in different histological subgroups of the disease. Flow cytometeric data should always be correlated with BM biopsy finding, immunophenotyping of core biopsy allows parallel morphologic examination and is capable of generating multivariate, quantitative, immunophenotypic data useful in diagnosis of NHL. Aim: To evaluate the role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) of lymphoma biopsy samples next to immunohistochemistry and histopathology for better diagnosis and characterization among Egyptian patients. Subjects and methods: This study included 60 B-NHL patients stage IV, diagnosed after histopathological examination of lymph node biopsy or Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of other primary site and staged according to Ann Arbor system. Clonality assessment was established using Flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotypic analysis of BMA and biopsy after obtaining single cell suspensions by mechanical disaggregation, with a restricted panel of (CD45, CD20, CD3, CD19, anti Kappa and anti Lambda) using (BD FACSscan 4 color flowcytomtery). In addition to Histopathology of paraffin- embedded BM trephine biopsy with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for morphological BM evaluation and clonality assessment. Results: FCI analysis of BMB samples showed 24/60 cases (40%) positive for infiltration by B- monoclonal lymphocytes with light chain restriction and 36/60 (60%) negative cases, while BMA positive in only 16.7%, negative in 76.7%, and 6.7% dry tap with difficult FCM analysis. FCI of core biopsy versus histopathological assessment and light chain expression and restriction detection by IHC revealed concordance rates of (63.6 % and 85%) and discordance rates of (36.4% and 15%). Clonality assessment and light chain expression detection revealed a kappa value of 0.708 for IHC versus FCM with concordance of 85% and discordance 15%. Conclusion: Our results showed fairagreement level for IHC and FCM of BMB, yet FCM is faster, specific and has a more definite role in detection of monoclonality of NHL, so accurate assessment ofhematolymphoid neoplasms requires an integrated multiparameter approach. Although morphologic histopathologic examination remains the mainstay of initial assessment, immunophenotypic analysis of core biopsy is essential to determine the pattern of differentiation and detect minimal disease when morphology is inconclusive. Fnally, an integrated approach using multimodality technologies is a must with identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations to be an efficient and cost-effective method for better assessment of hematolymphoid neoplasms

ABSTRACT: Background: Bone marrow biopsies are generally included in the initial staging evaluation of NHL and BM involvement has unique prognostic implication in different histological subgroups of the disease. Flow cytometeric data should always be correlated with BM biopsy finding, immunophenotyping of core biopsy allows parallel morphologic examination and is capable of generating multivariate, quantitative, immunophenotypic data useful in diagnosis of NHL. Aim: To evaluate the role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) of lymphoma biopsy samples next to immunohistochemistry and histopathology for better diagnosis and characterization among Egyptian patients. Subjects and methods: This study included 60 B-NHL patients stage IV, diagnosed after histopathological examination of lymph node biopsy or Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of other primary site and staged according to Ann Arbor system. Clonality assessment was established using Flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotypic analysis of BMA and biopsy after obtaining single cell suspensions by mechanical disaggregation, with a restricted panel of (CD45, CD20, CD3, CD19, anti Kappa and anti Lambda) using (BD FACSscan 4 color flowcytomtery). In addition to Histopathology of paraffin- embedded BM trephine biopsy with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for morphological BM evaluation and clonality assessment. Results: FCI analysis of BMB samples showed 24/60 cases (40%) positive for infiltration by B- monoclonal lymphocytes with light chain restriction and 36/60 (60%) negative cases, while BMA positive in only 16.7%, negative in 76.7%, and 6.7% dry tap with difficult FCM analysis. FCI of core biopsy versus histopathological assessment and light chain expression and restriction detection by IHC revealed concordance rates of (63.6 % and 85%) and discordance rates of (36.4% and 15%). Clonality assessment and light chain expression detection revealed a kappa value of 0.708 for IHC versus FCM with concordance of 85% and discordance 15%. Conclusion: Our results showed fairagreement level for IHC and FCM of BMB, yet FCM is faster, specific and has a more definite role in detection of monoclonality of NHL, so accurate assessment ofhematolymphoid neoplasms requires an integrated multiparameter approach. Although morphologic histopathologic examination remains the mainstay of initial assessment, immunophenotypic analysis of core biopsy is essential to determine the pattern of differentiation and detect minimal disease when morphology is inconclusive. Fnally, an integrated approach using multimodality technologies is a must with identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations to be an efficient and cost-effective method for better assessment of hematolymphoid neoplasms

ABSTRACT: Background: Bone marrow biopsies are generally included in the initial staging evaluation of NHL and BM involvement has unique prognostic implication in different histological subgroups of the disease. Flow cytometeric data should always be correlated with BM biopsy finding, immunophenotyping of core biopsy allows parallel morphologic examination and is capable of generating multivariate, quantitative, immunophenotypic data useful in diagnosis of NHL. Aim: To evaluate the role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) of lymphoma biopsy samples next to immunohistochemistry and histopathology for better diagnosis and characterization among Egyptian patients. Subjects and methods: This study included 60 B-NHL patients stage IV, diagnosed after histopathological examination of lymph node biopsy or Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of other primary site and staged according to Ann Arbor system. Clonality assessment was established using Flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotypic analysis of BMA and biopsy after obtaining single cell suspensions by mechanical disaggregation, with a restricted panel of (CD45, CD20, CD3, CD19, anti Kappa and anti Lambda) using (BD FACSscan 4 color flowcytomtery). In addition to Histopathology of paraffin- embedded BM trephine biopsy with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for morphological BM evaluation and clonality assessment. Results: FCI analysis of BMB samples showed 24/60 cases (40%) positive for infiltration by B- monoclonal lymphocytes with light chain restriction and 36/60 (60%) negative cases, while BMA positive in only 16.7%, negative in 76.7%, and 6.7% dry tap with difficult FCM analysis. FCI of core biopsy versus histopathological assessment and light chain expression and restriction detection by IHC revealed concordance rates of (63.6 % and 85%) and discordance rates of (36.4% and 15%). Clonality assessment and light chain expression detection revealed a kappa value of 0.708 for IHC versus FCM with concordance of 85% and discordance 15%. Conclusion: Our results showed fairagreement level for IHC and FCM of BMB, yet FCM is faster, specific and has a more definite role in detection of monoclonality of NHL, so accurate assessment ofhematolymphoid neoplasms requires an integrated multiparameter approach. Although morphologic histopathologic examination remains the mainstay of initial assessment, immunophenotypic analysis of core biopsy is essential to determine the pattern of differentiation and detect minimal disease when morphology is inconclusive. Fnally, an integrated approach using multimodality technologies is a must with identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations to be an efficient and cost-effective method for better assessment of hematolymphoid neoplasms