Although Impaction grafting proved efficacy in the reconstruction of acetabular defects in primary and revision hip arthroplasty, its role in large segmental defects is still debatable. Our objective is to determine hip center restoration and last follow up migration after acetabular reconstruction with impaction grafting in different types of acetabular defects Methods This is a single-center retrospective radiographic study of (107) total hip arthroplasty (42 primary, and 65 revision) in (104) patients using impaction grafting. The available radiographs (preoperative, immediate postoperative, and last follow-up) were examined for normal, preoperative, immediate postoperative, and last follow-up vertical (V) and horizontal (H) hip center. Maximum Acetabular Defect Distance (MADD), presence and size of the mesh were recorded. Results In type 1 and 2 AAOS defects, the postoperative hip center was not significantly different from the normal hip center measured on the contralateral healthy side or by Ranawat method. In Type 3 Defects there was a significant variation between the normal hip center and the postoperative hip center (P-value: 0.034 and 0.001 for V and H respectively). At 44 Months follow up of 36 hips; 31 (86%) hips migrated (range 1-42 mm). The mean amount Migration ± SD was 5.72 ± 3.7, 2, 4.15 ± 1.2, and 11.26 ± 3.9 mm for types 1,2, and 3 respectively (P-value 0.211). Hips with MADD > 15 mm, with mesh, especially large mesh sizes migrate significantly more (p-value = 0.042, 0.037, and 0.039 respectively). Conclusions Hip center restoration was better and migration was less for type 1and 2 AAOS rather than for type 3. Other options for reconstruction of these challenging defects should be considered.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is proposed as a leading pathomechanic cause enrolled in pathogenesis of degenerative changes that lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of hip joint. Main objective of this study is to report clinical outcome following the arthroscopic treatment of patients with FAI in the presence moderate OA in form of radiological staging (Tönnis II) hips. Twenty nine patients underwent arthroscopic surgery for FAI; all with preoperative radiological signs of Tönnis II (two separate observers’ agreement) were prospectively included in this study. With minimum one year follow-up, clinical assessment with Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and conversion rate to total hip replacement (THR) were addressed. The study included 29 patients (30 hips); 18 males, 11 females and age range was 18-61 years (mean 39.9 year). With mean follow-up 30.59 months, five patients (16.66%) had undergone total hip replacement at end point of one year, leaving 24 patients for the analysis. At last follow up, 24 patients (82.75%) reported that they were satisfied with the outcome of surgery, HOS mean preoperatively was 54.84 (average 15-93.4 points) and 77.69 (average 11.11-100 points) postoperatively with mean improvement 22.85 points. Arthroscopic treatment for patients with FAI in Tönnis II hips resulted in clinically relevant improvements regarding pain; function and quality of life in the majority of patients included in this study but leaving a considerable percentage of THR conversion at one year follow up.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is proposed as a leading pathomechanic cause enrolled in pathogenesis of degenerative changes that lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of hip joint. Main objective of this study is to report clinical outcome following the arthroscopic treatment of patients with FAI in the presence moderate OA in form of radiological staging (Tönnis II) hips. Twenty nine patients underwent arthroscopic surgery for FAI; all with preoperative radiological signs of Tönnis II (two separate observers’ agreement) were prospectively included in this study. With minimum one year follow-up, clinical assessment with Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and conversion rate to total hip replacement (THR) were addressed. The study included 29 patients (30 hips); 18 males, 11 females and age range was 18-61 years (mean 39.9 year). With mean follow-up 30.59 months, five patients (16.66%) had undergone total hip replacement at end point of one year, leaving 24 patients for the analysis. At last follow up, 24 patients (82.75%) reported that they were satisfied with the outcome of surgery, HOS mean preoperatively was 54.84 (average 15-93.4 points) and 77.69 (average 11.11-100 points) postoperatively with mean improvement 22.85 points. Arthroscopic treatment for patients with FAI in Tönnis II hips resulted in clinically relevant improvements regarding pain; function and quality of life in the majority of patients included in this study but leaving a considerable percentage of THR conversion at one year follow up.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is proposed as a leading pathomechanic cause enrolled in pathogenesis of degenerative changes that lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of hip joint. Main objective of this study is to report clinical outcome following the arthroscopic treatment of patients with FAI in the presence moderate OA in form of radiological staging (Tönnis II) hips. Twenty nine patients underwent arthroscopic surgery for FAI; all with preoperative radiological signs of Tönnis II (two separate observers’ agreement) were prospectively included in this study. With minimum one year follow-up, clinical assessment with Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and conversion rate to total hip replacement (THR) were addressed. The study included 29 patients (30 hips); 18 males, 11 females and age range was 18-61 years (mean 39.9 year). With mean follow-up 30.59 months, five patients (16.66%) had undergone total hip replacement at end point of one year, leaving 24 patients for the analysis. At last follow up, 24 patients (82.75%) reported that they were satisfied with the outcome of surgery, HOS mean preoperatively was 54.84 (average 15-93.4 points) and 77.69 (average 11.11-100 points) postoperatively with mean improvement 22.85 points. Arthroscopic treatment for patients with FAI in Tönnis II hips resulted in clinically relevant improvements regarding pain; function and quality of life in the majority of patients included in this study but leaving a considerable percentage of THR conversion at one year follow up.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is proposed as a leading pathomechanic cause enrolled in pathogenesis of degenerative changes that lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of hip joint. Main objective of this study is to report clinical outcome following the arthroscopic treatment of patients with FAI in the presence moderate OA in form of radiological staging (Tönnis II) hips. Twenty nine patients underwent arthroscopic surgery for FAI; all with preoperative radiological signs of Tönnis II (two separate observers’ agreement) were prospectively included in this study. With minimum one year follow-up, clinical assessment with Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and conversion rate to total hip replacement (THR) were addressed. The study included 29 patients (30 hips); 18 males, 11 females and age range was 18-61 years (mean 39.9 year). With mean follow-up 30.59 months, five patients (16.66%) had undergone total hip replacement at end point of one year, leaving 24 patients for the analysis. At last follow up, 24 patients (82.75%) reported that they were satisfied with the outcome of surgery, HOS mean preoperatively was 54.84 (average 15-93.4 points) and 77.69 (average 11.11-100 points) postoperatively with mean improvement 22.85 points. Arthroscopic treatment for patients with FAI in Tönnis II hips resulted in clinically relevant improvements regarding pain; function and quality of life in the majority of patients included in this study but leaving a considerable percentage of THR conversion at one year follow up.

Abstract Background: Iron is the most abundant element on earth and an essential metal for life. It is used extensively by proteins involved in the electron transport chain, the active centers of many enzymes and oxygen transport. It is essential for the adequate development and functioning of the brain. The regulation of the iron metabolism is crucial since both the iron deficiency and the iron overload can cause a disease. Aim of the Work: To detect the effects of iron exposure during the postnatal period on the putamen, the subthalamic nucleus and the substania nigra in adult albino rats. Material and Methods: A total number of twenty albino rats were used in the study. They were equally divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received tap water orally. The experimental group received 15 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate orally. The regimen started at postnatal day 12 and continued until three months old. The rats were anaesthetized and the brains were extracted. The specimens from the fixed brains were dissected and processed for the light and the electron microscopic examination. Morphometric measurements were also done. Results: The light microscopic study of the treated group revealed neurons of putamen had dense darkly stained nuclei and vacuolations appeared within the neuropil. Wide spaces between darkly stained neurons of the subthalamic nucleus were detected. The neuropil of the substania nigra pars compacta (SNc) had many vacuoles and most of the neurons had darkly stained nuclei. Immunohistochemistry of the putamen using anti-TH demonstrated a reduction of TH expression in a patchy manner. Immunohistochemistry of SNc showed a weak TH immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the treated group and a decrease in the number of TH immunopositive neurons as compared to the control group. The electron microscopic study of the SNc and putamen of the treated group showed degeneration of the mitochondria, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, heterochromatic nuclei with irregular outline and marked loss of cell organelles in the cytoplasm. At the site of synaptic contact, there were an area of loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic densities and the synaptic terminal showed a small number of the synaptic vesicles, and swollen mitochondria with destructed inner cristae were also observed. Morphometric studies revealed significant decrease in the cell count and surface area of the neurons in SNc and putamen of the treated group as compared to the control group. 2 Conclusion: Iron overdose during postnatal period produces degeneration of the putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substania nigra in the adult albino rat.

Abstract Background: Iron is the most abundant element on earth and an essential metal for life. It is used extensively by proteins involved in the electron transport chain, the active centers of many enzymes and oxygen transport. It is essential for the adequate development and functioning of the brain. The regulation of the iron metabolism is crucial since both the iron deficiency and the iron overload can cause a disease. Aim of the Work: To detect the effects of iron exposure during the postnatal period on the putamen, the subthalamic nucleus and the substania nigra in adult albino rats. Material and Methods: A total number of twenty albino rats were used in the study. They were equally divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received tap water orally. The experimental group received 15 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate orally. The regimen started at postnatal day 12 and continued until three months old. The rats were anaesthetized and the brains were extracted. The specimens from the fixed brains were dissected and processed for the light and the electron microscopic examination. Morphometric measurements were also done. Results: The light microscopic study of the treated group revealed neurons of putamen had dense darkly stained nuclei and vacuolations appeared within the neuropil. Wide spaces between darkly stained neurons of the subthalamic nucleus were detected. The neuropil of the substania nigra pars compacta (SNc) had many vacuoles and most of the neurons had darkly stained nuclei. Immunohistochemistry of the putamen using anti-TH demonstrated a reduction of TH expression in a patchy manner. Immunohistochemistry of SNc showed a weak TH immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the treated group and a decrease in the number of TH immunopositive neurons as compared to the control group. The electron microscopic study of the SNc and putamen of the treated group showed degeneration of the mitochondria, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, heterochromatic nuclei with irregular outline and marked loss of cell organelles in the cytoplasm. At the site of synaptic contact, there were an area of loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic densities and the synaptic terminal showed a small number of the synaptic vesicles, and swollen mitochondria with destructed inner cristae were also observed. Morphometric studies revealed significant decrease in the cell count and surface area of the neurons in SNc and putamen of the treated group as compared to the control group. 2 Conclusion: Iron overdose during postnatal period produces degeneration of the putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substania nigra in the adult albino rat.

Background: Iron is the most abundant element on earth and an essential metal for life. It is used extensively by proteins involved in the electron transport chain, the active centers of many enzymes and oxygen transport. It is essential for the adequate development and functioning of the brain. The regulation of the iron metabolism is crucial since both the iron deficiency and the iron overload can cause a disease. Aim of the Work: To detect the effects of iron exposure during the postnatal period on the putamen, the subthalamic nucleus and the substania nigra in adult albino rats. Material and Methods: A total number of twenty albino rats were used in the study. They were equally divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received tap water orally. The experimental group received 15 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate orally. The regimen started at postnatal day 12 and continued until three months old. The rats were anaesthetized and the brains were extracted. The specimens from the fixed brains were dissected and processed for the light and the electron microscopic examination. Morphometric measurements were also done. Results: The light microscopic study of the treated group revealed neurons of putamen had dense darkly stained nuclei and vacuolations appeared within the neuropil. Wide spaces between darkly stained neurons of the subthalamic nucleus were detected. The neuropil of the substania nigra pars compacta (SNc) had many vacuoles and most of the neurons had darkly stained nuclei. Immunohistochemistry of the putamen using anti-TH demonstrated a reduction of TH expression in a patchy manner. Immunohistochemistry of SNc showed a weak TH immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the treated group and a decrease in the number of TH immunopositive neurons as compared to the control group. The electron microscopic study of the SNc and putamen of the treated group showed degeneration of the mitochondria, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, heterochromatic nuclei with irregular outline and marked loss of cell organelles in the cytoplasm. At the site of synaptic contact, there were an area of loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic densities and the synaptic terminal showed a small number of the synaptic vesicles, and swollen mitochondria with destructed inner cristae were also observed. Morphometric studies revealed significant decrease in the cell count and surface area of the neurons in SNc and putamen of the treated group as compared to the control group. 2 Conclusion: Iron overdose during postnatal period produces degeneration of the putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substania nigra in the adult albino rat.

Abstract Background: Iron is the most abundant element on earth and an essential metal for life. It is used extensively by proteins involved in the electron transport chain, the active centers of many enzymes and oxygen transport. It is essential for the adequate development and functioning of the brain. The regulation of the iron metabolism is crucial since both the iron deficiency and the iron overload can cause a disease. Aim of the Work: To detect the effects of iron exposure during the postnatal period on the putamen, the subthalamic nucleus and the substania nigra in adult albino rats. Material and Methods: A total number of twenty albino rats were used in the study. They were equally divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received tap water orally. The experimental group received 15 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate orally. The regimen started at postnatal day 12 and continued until three months old. The rats were anaesthetized and the brains were extracted. The specimens from the fixed brains were dissected and processed for the light and the electron microscopic examination. Morphometric measurements were also done. Results: The light microscopic study of the treated group revealed neurons of putamen had dense darkly stained nuclei and vacuolations appeared within the neuropil. Wide spaces between darkly stained neurons of the subthalamic nucleus were detected. The neuropil of the substania nigra pars compacta (SNc) had many vacuoles and most of the neurons had darkly stained nuclei. Immunohistochemistry of the putamen using anti-TH demonstrated a reduction of TH expression in a patchy manner. Immunohistochemistry of SNc showed a weak TH immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the treated group and a decrease in the number of TH immunopositive neurons as compared to the control group. The electron microscopic study of the SNc and putamen of the treated group showed degeneration of the mitochondria, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, heterochromatic nuclei with irregular outline and marked loss of cell organelles in the cytoplasm. At the site of synaptic contact, there were an area of loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic densities and the synaptic terminal showed a small number of the synaptic vesicles, and swollen mitochondria with destructed inner cristae were also observed. Morphometric studies revealed significant decrease in the cell count and surface area of the neurons in SNc and putamen of the treated group as compared to the control group. 2 Conclusion: Iron overdose during postnatal period produces degeneration of the putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substania nigra in the adult albino rat.

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