Background: Nowadays, One of the Main public health problems is intimate partner violence (IPV). Men's Attitude has been verified as one of the important predictors of IPV. Objectives: To Identify attitude and its correlates towards gender-based violence (GBV) among ever married males. Methods: Secondary analysis using Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) data, 2014. Dependent variable: men's attitude towards gender-based violence. Independent variables: socio-demographic variables, attitude toward gender equity, parent's response to mistakes, mental health and some marital issues. Results: Among ever married males, 77.1% accepted GBV, 82.2% whom wives age at marriage was less than 18 years, 81.8% from rural residence, 88.4% whom parents were not giving any response to mistakes, 83.9% of those with positive attitude toward divorcing their wives accepted GBV with statistically significant difference. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors for accepting GBV were: rural residence, attitude that makes husbands divorce their wives and parents' response to mistakes. Conclusion: The significant correlates of married men's acceptance of GBV were rural residence, respondents with an attitude toward divorcing their wives and inappropriate parents' response to mistakes. Recommendations: Development of intervention programs aiming to change social and cultural gender norms related to gender inequality and GBV especially in rural areas is highly recommended.

Background: Nowadays, One of the Main public health problems is intimate partner violence (IPV). Men's Attitude has been verified as one of the important predictors of IPV. Objectives: To Identify attitude and its correlates towards gender-based violence (GBV) among ever married males. Methods: Secondary analysis using Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) data, 2014. Dependent variable: men's attitude towards gender-based violence. Independent variables: socio-demographic variables, attitude toward gender equity, parent's response to mistakes, mental health and some marital issues. Results: Among ever married males, 77.1% accepted GBV, 82.2% whom wives age at marriage was less than 18 years, 81.8% from rural residence, 88.4% whom parents were not giving any response to mistakes, 83.9% of those with positive attitude toward divorcing their wives accepted GBV with statistically significant difference. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors for accepting GBV were: rural residence, attitude that makes husbands divorce their wives and parents' response to mistakes. Conclusion: The significant correlates of married men's acceptance of GBV were rural residence, respondents with an attitude toward divorcing their wives and inappropriate parents' response to mistakes. Recommendations: Development of intervention programs aiming to change social and cultural gender norms related to gender inequality and GBV especially in rural areas is highly recommended.

Background: Nowadays, One of the Main public health problems is intimate partner violence (IPV). Men's Attitude has been verified as one of the important predictors of IPV. Objectives: To Identify attitude and its correlates towards gender-based violence (GBV) among ever married males. Methods: Secondary analysis using Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) data, 2014. Dependent variable: men's attitude towards gender-based violence. Independent variables: socio-demographic variables, attitude toward gender equity, parent's response to mistakes, mental health and some marital issues. Results: Among ever married males, 77.1% accepted GBV, 82.2% whom wives age at marriage was less than 18 years, 81.8% from rural residence, 88.4% whom parents were not giving any response to mistakes, 83.9% of those with positive attitude toward divorcing their wives accepted GBV with statistically significant difference. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors for accepting GBV were: rural residence, attitude that makes husbands divorce their wives and parents' response to mistakes. Conclusion: The significant correlates of married men's acceptance of GBV were rural residence, respondents with an attitude toward divorcing their wives and inappropriate parents' response to mistakes. Recommendations: Development of intervention programs aiming to change social and cultural gender norms related to gender inequality and GBV especially in rural areas is highly recommended.

Objective: to study the socio-demographic characteristics of epileptic school children and the risk factors for epilepsy in the study area. Study design: Case- Control study. Setting: Two primary and one preparatory school children, Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. Subjects: The target population were basic education (primary and preparatory schools) epileptic school children. Matched controls for epileptic children were taken from the same schools.. Methodology: Structured questionnaire of epileptic children and their controls included sociodemographic characteristics as age, sex, educational class and questions about the risk factors hypothesized from reviewing the literature and previous studies such as many perinatal, infantile and childhood illnesses and exposures. Other family factors were included such as history of consanguinity and family history of epilepsy. The questionnaire was completed through personal interview with the caregivers of school children either cases or control. The part of the questionnaire including questions about the perinatal factors was completed from the mothers of the children. Results: The sample included 200 cases and controls each. 53.6% of epileptic cases were females. Rural residents represented 56.0% of cases and controls. The significant risk factors for developing epilepsy were: Family history of epilepsy, Low socioeconomic level, birth trauma, head trauma, history of febrile convulsions, neonatal jaundice, premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. Conclusion: Raising the socioeconomic level of epileptic persons by finding opportunities for them to education and employment to break the link between epilepsy and poverty was recommended. Training of the general practioners, obstetricians, and pediatricians about proper antenatal, natal and postnatal care and management to avoid intrauterine infections, birth trauma and neonatal problems is crucial.

Objective: to study the socio-demographic characteristics of epileptic school children and the risk factors for epilepsy in the study area. Study design: Case- Control study. Setting: Two primary and one preparatory school children, Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. Subjects: The target population were basic education (primary and preparatory schools) epileptic school children. Matched controls for epileptic children were taken from the same schools.. Methodology: Structured questionnaire of epileptic children and their controls included sociodemographic characteristics as age, sex, educational class and questions about the risk factors hypothesized from reviewing the literature and previous studies such as many perinatal, infantile and childhood illnesses and exposures. Other family factors were included such as history of consanguinity and family history of epilepsy. The questionnaire was completed through personal interview with the caregivers of school children either cases or control. The part of the questionnaire including questions about the perinatal factors was completed from the mothers of the children. Results: The sample included 200 cases and controls each. 53.6% of epileptic cases were females. Rural residents represented 56.0% of cases and controls. The significant risk factors for developing epilepsy were: Family history of epilepsy, Low socioeconomic level, birth trauma, head trauma, history of febrile convulsions, neonatal jaundice, premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. Conclusion: Raising the socioeconomic level of epileptic persons by finding opportunities for them to education and employment to break the link between epilepsy and poverty was recommended. Training of the general practioners, obstetricians, and pediatricians about proper antenatal, natal and postnatal care and management to avoid intrauterine infections, birth trauma and neonatal problems is crucial.

Objective: to study the socio-demographic characteristics of epileptic school children and the risk factors for epilepsy in the study area. Study design: Case- Control study. Setting: Two primary and one preparatory school children, Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. Subjects: The target population were basic education (primary and preparatory schools) epileptic school children. Matched controls for epileptic children were taken from the same schools.. Methodology: Structured questionnaire of epileptic children and their controls included sociodemographic characteristics as age, sex, educational class and questions about the risk factors hypothesized from reviewing the literature and previous studies such as many perinatal, infantile and childhood illnesses and exposures. Other family factors were included such as history of consanguinity and family history of epilepsy. The questionnaire was completed through personal interview with the caregivers of school children either cases or control. The part of the questionnaire including questions about the perinatal factors was completed from the mothers of the children. Results: The sample included 200 cases and controls each. 53.6% of epileptic cases were females. Rural residents represented 56.0% of cases and controls. The significant risk factors for developing epilepsy were: Family history of epilepsy, Low socioeconomic level, birth trauma, head trauma, history of febrile convulsions, neonatal jaundice, premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. Conclusion: Raising the socioeconomic level of epileptic persons by finding opportunities for them to education and employment to break the link between epilepsy and poverty was recommended. Training of the general practioners, obstetricians, and pediatricians about proper antenatal, natal and postnatal care and management to avoid intrauterine infections, birth trauma and neonatal problems is crucial.

Background: Each year, 3.5 million new cases of epilepsy are reported. Unfortunately, 6-14% of these children will develop refractory epilepsy.Aim: Is to determine the risk factors and predictors of refractory epilepsy.Patients and Methods: Case control study was conducted at Assiut university children hospital. Cases were children aged 2-18 years who were diagnosed as refractory epilepsy whereas controls were matched to cases regarding age, sex, and they were diagnosed as responsive epilepsy. Results: History of birth hypoxia, neonatal cyanosis,neonatal convulsions and NICU admission were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Past history of CNS infections, intracranial hemorrhage and febrile convulsions were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Physical and mental developmental delay occurred among (80.6% & 78.5%) of children with refractory epilepsy versus (19.4% & 18.3%) of children with responsive epilepsy with statistical significant difference. Age of seizure onset less than one year was reported among 75.3% of refractory epilepsy group versus 43% of those with responsive epilepsy. Multiple seizures type was reported among 36.5% of children with refractory epilepsy versus 6.5% of the responsive group. Moreover, about 90% of children with refractory epilepsy reported daily seizures at the disease onset. History of status epilepticus and presence of epileptic syndromes reported among 43% & 26.9% respectively of children with refractory epilepsy, with statistical significant difference. Microcephaly, motor deficit were statistically higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Conclusion: The most important independent predictors of refractoriness were: High initial seizures frequency, motor deficit, birth hypoxia, delayed mental development and febrile convulsions. Recommendations: Good training of health care providers for the proper management of labor to avoid perinatal hypoxia, professional follow-up of children for early signs of develop mental delay and health education and training to the caregiver and health care provider about proper management of fever to avoid febrile convulsions.

Background: Each year, 3.5 million new cases of epilepsy are reported. Unfortunately, 6-14% of these children will develop refractory epilepsy.Aim: Is to determine the risk factors and predictors of refractory epilepsy.Patients and Methods: Case control study was conducted at Assiut university children hospital. Cases were children aged 2-18 years who were diagnosed as refractory epilepsy whereas controls were matched to cases regarding age, sex, and they were diagnosed as responsive epilepsy. Results: History of birth hypoxia, neonatal cyanosis,neonatal convulsions and NICU admission were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Past history of CNS infections, intracranial hemorrhage and febrile convulsions were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Physical and mental developmental delay occurred among (80.6% & 78.5%) of children with refractory epilepsy versus (19.4% & 18.3%) of children with responsive epilepsy with statistical significant difference. Age of seizure onset less than one year was reported among 75.3% of refractory epilepsy group versus 43% of those with responsive epilepsy. Multiple seizures type was reported among 36.5% of children with refractory epilepsy versus 6.5% of the responsive group. Moreover, about 90% of children with refractory epilepsy reported daily seizures at the disease onset. History of status epilepticus and presence of epileptic syndromes reported among 43% & 26.9% respectively of children with refractory epilepsy, with statistical significant difference. Microcephaly, motor deficit were statistically higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Conclusion: The most important independent predictors of refractoriness were: High initial seizures frequency, motor deficit, birth hypoxia, delayed mental development and febrile convulsions. Recommendations: Good training of health care providers for the proper management of labor to avoid perinatal hypoxia, professional follow-up of children for early signs of develop mental delay and health education and training to the caregiver and health care provider about proper management of fever to avoid febrile convulsions.

Background: Each year, 3.5 million new cases of epilepsy are reported. Unfortunately, 6-14% of these children will develop refractory epilepsy.Aim: Is to determine the risk factors and predictors of refractory epilepsy.Patients and Methods: Case control study was conducted at Assiut university children hospital. Cases were children aged 2-18 years who were diagnosed as refractory epilepsy whereas controls were matched to cases regarding age, sex, and they were diagnosed as responsive epilepsy. Results: History of birth hypoxia, neonatal cyanosis,neonatal convulsions and NICU admission were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Past history of CNS infections, intracranial hemorrhage and febrile convulsions were significantly higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Physical and mental developmental delay occurred among (80.6% & 78.5%) of children with refractory epilepsy versus (19.4% & 18.3%) of children with responsive epilepsy with statistical significant difference. Age of seizure onset less than one year was reported among 75.3% of refractory epilepsy group versus 43% of those with responsive epilepsy. Multiple seizures type was reported among 36.5% of children with refractory epilepsy versus 6.5% of the responsive group. Moreover, about 90% of children with refractory epilepsy reported daily seizures at the disease onset. History of status epilepticus and presence of epileptic syndromes reported among 43% & 26.9% respectively of children with refractory epilepsy, with statistical significant difference. Microcephaly, motor deficit were statistically higher among patients with refractory epilepsy than those with responsive epilepsy. Conclusion: The most important independent predictors of refractoriness were: High initial seizures frequency, motor deficit, birth hypoxia, delayed mental development and febrile convulsions. Recommendations: Good training of health care providers for the proper management of labor to avoid perinatal hypoxia, professional follow-up of children for early signs of develop mental delay and health education and training to the caregiver and health care provider about proper management of fever to avoid febrile convulsions.

Background: Hernia is a very common surgical condition affecting all ages and both sexes. To describe and find the possible differences in the spectrum of abdominal hernias and document trends in their management, we carried out a descriptive study of all patients with abdominal hernias admitted to a single tertiary institution during a five years period. Methods: A descriptive study of all abdominal wall hernia repairs from Jan. 2002 to Jan. 2007. Data collection was done using patients’ medical records that were included in the hospital archives. Variables included age, sex, final diagnosis and type of repair. Results: 2516 hernia repairs were done. Inguinal hernias were the most common (56%), followed by adult umbilical hernia (22.7%), incisional hernia (10.3%), and epigastric hernia (7.4%). There is an increasing trend towards the use of synthetic mesh repair in different hernia varieties. Mesh repair in adult umbilical and incisional hernias has increased from 32 and 34.6% in 2002 to 63.8% and 90.7% in 2006 respectively. Conclusion: We have a higher relative frequency of adult umbilical and epigastric hernia in Upper Egypt. There is a change in the pattern of hernia repairs with increasing trend towards mesh repair in different varieties.