Purpose : To study the influence of age, refractive error and axial length on choroidal thickness in normal eyes using swept-source OCT. Setting/Venue: Assiut University and Alforsan eye center, Assiut, Egypt Methods : Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured by a swept-source optical coherence tomography in 97 eyes of 49 normal myopic volunteers. The subjects were classified into groups according to age, the degree of myopia and axial length. Correlation between CT and age, axial length and myopia were done for different groups. Axial length was measured using IOL Master. OCT measurements were performed using Topcon DRI-1 SSOCT. CT was automatically calculated and shown as a colored topographic map with nine subfields defined by the ETDRS-style grid. Results : CT tends to decrease with advance of age. A negative correlation found between the central subfoveal CT and the age (r= -0.329, P= 0.001, R²= 0.108). Although there was no significant correlation between CT and degree of myopia (r= 0.159, P= 0.120, R²= 0.025), CT decreases with increase of myopia except with group > -8 D. CT tends to decrease as the axial length increase. A negative correlation was found between the central subfoveal CT and axial length (r= -0.340, P= 0.001, R²= 0.115) for ETDRS map and (r= -0.202, p= 0.047, R²= 0.041) for central subfoveal line. Conclusions : Axial length and age have a negative correlation with choroidal thickness, while the spherical equivalent of refractive error in myopes doesn’t affect choroidal thickness.

Purpose : To study the influence of age, refractive error and axial length on choroidal thickness in normal eyes using swept-source OCT. Setting/Venue: Assiut University and Alforsan eye center, Assiut, Egypt Methods : Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured by a swept-source optical coherence tomography in 97 eyes of 49 normal myopic volunteers. The subjects were classified into groups according to age, the degree of myopia and axial length. Correlation between CT and age, axial length and myopia were done for different groups. Axial length was measured using IOL Master. OCT measurements were performed using Topcon DRI-1 SSOCT. CT was automatically calculated and shown as a colored topographic map with nine subfields defined by the ETDRS-style grid. Results : CT tends to decrease with advance of age. A negative correlation found between the central subfoveal CT and the age (r= -0.329, P= 0.001, R²= 0.108). Although there was no significant correlation between CT and degree of myopia (r= 0.159, P= 0.120, R²= 0.025), CT decreases with increase of myopia except with group > -8 D. CT tends to decrease as the axial length increase. A negative correlation was found between the central subfoveal CT and axial length (r= -0.340, P= 0.001, R²= 0.115) for ETDRS map and (r= -0.202, p= 0.047, R²= 0.041) for central subfoveal line. Conclusions : Axial length and age have a negative correlation with choroidal thickness, while the spherical equivalent of refractive error in myopes doesn’t affect choroidal thickness.

Purpose : To study the influence of age, refractive error and axial length on choroidal thickness in normal eyes using swept-source OCT. Setting/Venue: Assiut University and Alforsan eye center, Assiut, Egypt Methods : Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured by a swept-source optical coherence tomography in 97 eyes of 49 normal myopic volunteers. The subjects were classified into groups according to age, the degree of myopia and axial length. Correlation between CT and age, axial length and myopia were done for different groups. Axial length was measured using IOL Master. OCT measurements were performed using Topcon DRI-1 SSOCT. CT was automatically calculated and shown as a colored topographic map with nine subfields defined by the ETDRS-style grid. Results : CT tends to decrease with advance of age. A negative correlation found between the central subfoveal CT and the age (r= -0.329, P= 0.001, R²= 0.108). Although there was no significant correlation between CT and degree of myopia (r= 0.159, P= 0.120, R²= 0.025), CT decreases with increase of myopia except with group > -8 D. CT tends to decrease as the axial length increase. A negative correlation was found between the central subfoveal CT and axial length (r= -0.340, P= 0.001, R²= 0.115) for ETDRS map and (r= -0.202, p= 0.047, R²= 0.041) for central subfoveal line. Conclusions : Axial length and age have a negative correlation with choroidal thickness, while the spherical equivalent of refractive error in myopes doesn’t affect choroidal thickness.

Objective: The purposes of this study are to: (1) Measure neurohumoral activation in heart failure patients with and without sleep disordered breathing; (2) Assessment of neurohumoral markers with the severity of sleep apnea and severity of heart failure. Patients and methods: In this case report study, we studied 100 patients with heart failure (64 male, 36 female). All patients underwent echocardiography and a full night-attended polysomnography, in addition to neurohumoral evaluation. Results: Group (1) sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) had significant increase in the plasma concentration level of BNP (591.50 ± 165.75 vs. 298.33 ± 86.63 pg/ml, P=0.001*), NT-proBNP (1750.05 ± 773.15 vs. 686.98 ± 377.88 pg/ml, P=0.001*) and nor epinephrine (NE) (616.12 ± 139.57 vs. 203.80 ± 64.30 pg/ml, P=0.001*) when compared with No-SDB. A significant increase in plasma level of NT-proBNP and nor-epinephrine (NE) in OSA was observed when compared with central sleep apnea (CSA). Increased neurohumoral markers with different severity of apnea hypopnea index (AHI). Moreover, a significant increase was observed in neurohumoral markers with increased severity of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Based on echocardiographic etiology of heart failure, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had a significant increase in plasma level of BNP and NT-pro BNP. On the other hand, plasma concentration level of norepinephrine (NE) was significantly increased in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Conclusion: Heart failure patients with sleep disordered breathing were associated with higher levels of neurohumoral activation. Moreover N-TproBNP (300m pg/ml) and nor epinephrine (NE)300 pg/ml were predictors of OSA among heart failure

Background: Breast cancer may originate either from the ducts, which is known as ductal carcinomas or from the lobules, that is known as lobular carcinomas. There are many different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women affecting approximately 6 % of the females. It constitutes almost 20 % of all malignancies in women. In Egypt, each 100 woman with cancer there is around 38 of them with cancer breast. Aim: The aim of this study is to Compare the diagnostic accuracy of selected biomarkers (hMAG, Cyclin D1, CA 15-3 & CEA) at different stages of breast cancer (TNM staging(, Assess Correlations between different biomarkers used and Suggest the most efficient of these diagnostic markers to be used in early detection. Subjects and methods: We examined a sample of eighty Breast Cancer patients and ten- age and sex matched- healthy controls. The patients were selected from General Surgery department, Assiut University Hospital and South Egypt Cancer Institute.patients were divided into 5 groups (group 1: healthy control group and groups 1-4 : the 4 stages of breast cancer) . Results: Group 2 and 3 show no significant difference on using CEA marker , where the mean value of the control group was 3.18 ± 0.29 , Meanwhile it was significantly higher in both groups 4 and 5 with P value of 0.04 and 0.002 respectively. On using CA 15-3 and Cyclin D markers, both were significantly higher in all groups in comparison to the control group with significant P value. And for hMAG the control group mean value was 31.57 ± 1.56, it was not higher in group 2 but show significant increase starting from group 3- 5 with P value of less than 0.003. Conclusion: All of the 4 markers (CEA, CA15-3, Cyclin D1, and hMAG ) can be used for diagnosis of breast cancers , but CEA is of no diagnostic importance in early stages of breast cancer. Both cyclin D and hMAG antigen are more sensitive and specific when used as markers for breast cancer in comparison to using routine markers as CEA ,a and CA15-3. Cyclin D is much better marker in early stages of breast cancer than hMAG regarding sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, inspite having almost the same good diagnostic performance in late stages of breast cancer.

Background: Breast cancer may originate either from the ducts, which is known as ductal carcinomas or from the lobules, that is known as lobular carcinomas. There are many different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women affecting approximately 6 % of the females. It constitutes almost 20 % of all malignancies in women. In Egypt, each 100 woman with cancer there is around 38 of them with cancer breast. Aim: The aim of this study is to Compare the diagnostic accuracy of selected biomarkers (hMAG, Cyclin D1, CA 15-3 & CEA) at different stages of breast cancer (TNM staging(, Assess Correlations between different biomarkers used and Suggest the most efficient of these diagnostic markers to be used in early detection. Subjects and methods: We examined a sample of eighty Breast Cancer patients and ten- age and sex matched- healthy controls. The patients were selected from General Surgery department, Assiut University Hospital and South Egypt Cancer Institute.patients were divided into 5 groups (group 1: healthy control group and groups 1-4 : the 4 stages of breast cancer) . Results: Group 2 and 3 show no significant difference on using CEA marker , where the mean value of the control group was 3.18 ± 0.29 , Meanwhile it was significantly higher in both groups 4 and 5 with P value of 0.04 and 0.002 respectively. On using CA 15-3 and Cyclin D markers, both were significantly higher in all groups in comparison to the control group with significant P value. And for hMAG the control group mean value was 31.57 ± 1.56, it was not higher in group 2 but show significant increase starting from group 3- 5 with P value of less than 0.003. Conclusion: All of the 4 markers (CEA, CA15-3, Cyclin D1, and hMAG ) can be used for diagnosis of breast cancers , but CEA is of no diagnostic importance in early stages of breast cancer. Both cyclin D and hMAG antigen are more sensitive and specific when used as markers for breast cancer in comparison to using routine markers as CEA ,a and CA15-3. Cyclin D is much better marker in early stages of breast cancer than hMAG regarding sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, inspite having almost the same good diagnostic performance in late stages of breast cancer.

Background: Breast cancer may originate either from the ducts, which is known as ductal carcinomas or from the lobules, that is known as lobular carcinomas. There are many different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women affecting approximately 6 % of the females. It constitutes almost 20 % of all malignancies in women. In Egypt, each 100 woman with cancer there is around 38 of them with cancer breast. Aim: The aim of this study is to Compare the diagnostic accuracy of selected biomarkers (hMAG, Cyclin D1, CA 15-3 & CEA) at different stages of breast cancer (TNM staging(, Assess Correlations between different biomarkers used and Suggest the most efficient of these diagnostic markers to be used in early detection. Subjects and methods: We examined a sample of eighty Breast Cancer patients and ten- age and sex matched- healthy controls. The patients were selected from General Surgery department, Assiut University Hospital and South Egypt Cancer Institute.patients were divided into 5 groups (group 1: healthy control group and groups 1-4 : the 4 stages of breast cancer) . Results: Group 2 and 3 show no significant difference on using CEA marker , where the mean value of the control group was 3.18 ± 0.29 , Meanwhile it was significantly higher in both groups 4 and 5 with P value of 0.04 and 0.002 respectively. On using CA 15-3 and Cyclin D markers, both were significantly higher in all groups in comparison to the control group with significant P value. And for hMAG the control group mean value was 31.57 ± 1.56, it was not higher in group 2 but show significant increase starting from group 3- 5 with P value of less than 0.003. Conclusion: All of the 4 markers (CEA, CA15-3, Cyclin D1, and hMAG ) can be used for diagnosis of breast cancers , but CEA is of no diagnostic importance in early stages of breast cancer. Both cyclin D and hMAG antigen are more sensitive and specific when used as markers for breast cancer in comparison to using routine markers as CEA ,a and CA15-3. Cyclin D is much better marker in early stages of breast cancer than hMAG regarding sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, inspite having almost the same good diagnostic performance in late stages of breast cancer.

Background: Cystatin C is found to be down regulated in prostate cancer and modifies invasion of prostate cancer cells via MAPK/Erk and androgen receptor pathways. In this work, we detected the frequency of cystatin C gene single nucleotide polymorphism different variants and its relation to the serum levels of both total testosterone and PSA. Methods: The study was conducted on (50) cases of newly diagnosed Prostatic cancer patients and another age and sex-comparable (50) healthy individuals as a control group. All were investigated for the frequency of Cystatin C gene polymorphism, serum total testosterone and serum PSA. Results: Cystatin C gene (BB) variant was detected in 16.0% of cases and 4.0% in controls which showed significant difference with p value=0.046 as compared with (AA) and (AB) variants where (AA) variant was detected in 56.0% of cases and 64.0% in controls which showed no significant difference with p value =0.414, and (AB) variant was detected in 28.0% of cases and 32.0% in controls which also showed no significant difference with p value = 0.663. The serum PSA levels in cases were from 30 to 150 (ng/ml) and in controls were from 0.0 to 3.4 (ng/ml) which showed high significant difference between both groups with p value = 0.000. Serum PSA Levels was higher in the mutant type (BB) than the wild type (AA). As in wild type (AA) the serum PSA levels ranged from 31.5 to 150 (ng/ml) and mutant type (BB) the serum PSA levels ranged from 65to 149.3 (ng/ml). Serum total testosterone levels in cases ranged from 2 to 7 (ng/ml) and in controls ranged from 2 to 7 (ng/ml) which showed no significant difference with p value = 0.574. Conclusions: Cystatin C gene polymorphism particularly allelic variant B (CST3 BB) mutant type was significantly associated with the susceptibility to prostate cancer. (CST3 BB) mutant type and PSA were associated with the susceptibility to prostate cancer, but testosterone was not associated.

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