Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) was defined as the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons The Demographic and Health Survey in Egypt in 2000 showed that 97% of married women included in the survey had experienced female genital mutilation. Methods: This is a cross sectional study to evaluate the current prevalence of FGM, current attitude of our society towards it after illegalization of it as a cross sectional survey of Upper Egypt. The most important point in this study is our evaluation of intention of these women whom exposed to FGM toward mutilation of their daughters or not and reasons for that. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The study included 1175 women, from whom 89.1% were circumcised. Type 1 FGM was the most prevalent type practiced in about 58% of participants. Immediate complications occurred in 42.5% of women. Primary hemorrhage during circumcision was the most commonly reported immediate complication among 38.5% of them. Sexual problems were found in 40.5% of participants. Sixty-four women reported occurrence of hepatitis virus infection after the procedure. Moreover, 44 women were suffered from infertility and 72 women had an episode or chronic PID. Women who intend to circumcise their daughters are mostly those coming from rural areas (p=0.000) and housewives (p=0.000). Most of women (45.8%) who have the intent to circumcise their daughters claiming that it is religious based. Conclusions: The prevalence of FGM did not differ between urban and rural or between house wives and employee, lastly did not differ between different educational levels as most of them were encourage it thinking that it is of traditional, religious base and protect the girl from any abnormal sexual excitation. The women who intent not circumcise their daughters were from low educational level in its highest percentage and this was explained by occurrence of higher percentage of complications in spite of the highest percentage of operator was physician.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) was defined as the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons The Demographic and Health Survey in Egypt in 2000 showed that 97% of married women included in the survey had experienced female genital mutilation. Methods: This is a cross sectional study to evaluate the current prevalence of FGM, current attitude of our society towards it after illegalization of it as a cross sectional survey of Upper Egypt. The most important point in this study is our evaluation of intention of these women whom exposed to FGM toward mutilation of their daughters or not and reasons for that. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The study included 1175 women, from whom 89.1% were circumcised. Type 1 FGM was the most prevalent type practiced in about 58% of participants. Immediate complications occurred in 42.5% of women. Primary hemorrhage during circumcision was the most commonly reported immediate complication among 38.5% of them. Sexual problems were found in 40.5% of participants. Sixty-four women reported occurrence of hepatitis virus infection after the procedure. Moreover, 44 women were suffered from infertility and 72 women had an episode or chronic PID. Women who intend to circumcise their daughters are mostly those coming from rural areas (p=0.000) and housewives (p=0.000). Most of women (45.8%) who have the intent to circumcise their daughters claiming that it is religious based. Conclusions: The prevalence of FGM did not differ between urban and rural or between house wives and employee, lastly did not differ between different educational levels as most of them were encourage it thinking that it is of traditional, religious base and protect the girl from any abnormal sexual excitation. The women who intent not circumcise their daughters were from low educational level in its highest percentage and this was explained by occurrence of higher percentage of complications in spite of the highest percentage of operator was physician.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) was defined as the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons The Demographic and Health Survey in Egypt in 2000 showed that 97% of married women included in the survey had experienced female genital mutilation. Methods: This is a cross sectional study to evaluate the current prevalence of FGM, current attitude of our society towards it after illegalization of it as a cross sectional survey of Upper Egypt. The most important point in this study is our evaluation of intention of these women whom exposed to FGM toward mutilation of their daughters or not and reasons for that. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The study included 1175 women, from whom 89.1% were circumcised. Type 1 FGM was the most prevalent type practiced in about 58% of participants. Immediate complications occurred in 42.5% of women. Primary hemorrhage during circumcision was the most commonly reported immediate complication among 38.5% of them. Sexual problems were found in 40.5% of participants. Sixty-four women reported occurrence of hepatitis virus infection after the procedure. Moreover, 44 women were suffered from infertility and 72 women had an episode or chronic PID. Women who intend to circumcise their daughters are mostly those coming from rural areas (p=0.000) and housewives (p=0.000). Most of women (45.8%) who have the intent to circumcise their daughters claiming that it is religious based. Conclusions: The prevalence of FGM did not differ between urban and rural or between house wives and employee, lastly did not differ between different educational levels as most of them were encourage it thinking that it is of traditional, religious base and protect the girl from any abnormal sexual excitation. The women who intent not circumcise their daughters were from low educational level in its highest percentage and this was explained by occurrence of higher percentage of complications in spite of the highest percentage of operator was physician.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) was defined as the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons The Demographic and Health Survey in Egypt in 2000 showed that 97% of married women included in the survey had experienced female genital mutilation. Methods: This is a cross sectional study to evaluate the current prevalence of FGM, current attitude of our society towards it after illegalization of it as a cross sectional survey of Upper Egypt. The most important point in this study is our evaluation of intention of these women whom exposed to FGM toward mutilation of their daughters or not and reasons for that. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The study included 1175 women, from whom 89.1% were circumcised. Type 1 FGM was the most prevalent type practiced in about 58% of participants. Immediate complications occurred in 42.5% of women. Primary hemorrhage during circumcision was the most commonly reported immediate complication among 38.5% of them. Sexual problems were found in 40.5% of participants. Sixty-four women reported occurrence of hepatitis virus infection after the procedure. Moreover, 44 women were suffered from infertility and 72 women had an episode or chronic PID. Women who intend to circumcise their daughters are mostly those coming from rural areas (p=0.000) and housewives (p=0.000). Most of women (45.8%) who have the intent to circumcise their daughters claiming that it is religious based. Conclusions: The prevalence of FGM did not differ between urban and rural or between house wives and employee, lastly did not differ between different educational levels as most of them were encourage it thinking that it is of traditional, religious base and protect the girl from any abnormal sexual excitation. The women who intent not circumcise their daughters were from low educational level in its highest percentage and this was explained by occurrence of higher percentage of complications in spite of the highest percentage of operator was physician.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) was defined as the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons The Demographic and Health Survey in Egypt in 2000 showed that 97% of married women included in the survey had experienced female genital mutilation. Methods: This is a cross sectional study to evaluate the current prevalence of FGM, current attitude of our society towards it after illegalization of it as a cross sectional survey of Upper Egypt. The most important point in this study is our evaluation of intention of these women whom exposed to FGM toward mutilation of their daughters or not and reasons for that. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The study included 1175 women, from whom 89.1% were circumcised. Type 1 FGM was the most prevalent type practiced in about 58% of participants. Immediate complications occurred in 42.5% of women. Primary hemorrhage during circumcision was the most commonly reported immediate complication among 38.5% of them. Sexual problems were found in 40.5% of participants. Sixty-four women reported occurrence of hepatitis virus infection after the procedure. Moreover, 44 women were suffered from infertility and 72 women had an episode or chronic PID. Women who intend to circumcise their daughters are mostly those coming from rural areas (p=0.000) and housewives (p=0.000). Most of women (45.8%) who have the intent to circumcise their daughters claiming that it is religious based. Conclusions: The prevalence of FGM did not differ between urban and rural or between house wives and employee, lastly did not differ between different educational levels as most of them were encourage it thinking that it is of traditional, religious base and protect the girl from any abnormal sexual excitation. The women who intent not circumcise their daughters were from low educational level in its highest percentage and this was explained by occurrence of higher percentage of complications in spite of the highest percentage of operator was physician.

Abstract Alteration of expression of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA-1 has been widely studied in breast and ovarian carcinoma. However, pattern of this alteration in the benign-borderline-carcinoma sequence in serous and mucinous ovarian neoplasms have not yet fully described. Tissue sections from 214 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian specimens were stained immunohistochemically with BRCA-1 antibody. Specimens were 10 normal ovarian surface epithelium, 10 fallopian tube epithelium, 70 benign adenoma (50 serous and 20 mucinous), 28 borderline (13 serous and 15 mucinous), 78 carcinoma (58 serous and 20 mucinous), and 18 metastatic deposit (13 serous and 5 mucinous). Expression was evaluated into 0, +1, +2, and +3. Score +3 staining similar to normal tissues was considered normal and other scores were considered altered expression. Strong expression was seen in all normal epithelium specimens. Altered expression was seen in 34 serous neoplasms; 17 of 50 (34%) of benign cystadenomas, 6 of 13 (46%) of borderline tumors, 43 of 58 (74%) of primary carcinoma, and in 8 of 13 (62%) of metastatic carcinoma. This alteration was significantly associated with higher histopathologic grade (P = 0.049), presence of necrosis (P = 0.0001), and higher proliferation rate (P = 0.001). In mucinous neoplasms; altered BRCA-1 was detected in 25 specimens; 7 of 20 (41%) of benign cystadenomas, 5 of 15 (33%) of borderline neoplasms, 9 of 20 (45%) of primary carcinoma, and 4 of 5 (80%) of the metastatic deposits. This alteration was not associated with any of the clinicopathologic tumor characteristics. In conclusion, alteration of BRCA-1 expression is more frequent in serous than in mucinous carcinomas and is associated with tumors of higher grades and high proliferation rate.

BACKGROUND: The melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) is a safe and effective procedure in treatment of vitiligo. Major advantage of this technique is that a small area of donor skin is needed to cover a large recipient area. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal donor-to-recipient ratio (D/R) required to achieve acceptable repigmentation following melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) in generalized vitiligo. It has been postulated that the addition of post-transplantation phototherapy may enhance the results. This is first study to assess two different (D/R) ratios with or without adjuvant phototherapy. OBJECTIVE:To compare the repigmentation after MKTP using two different D/R ratios (1/3 and 1/10) with and without adjuvant phototherapy (NB-UVB)..METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this non randomized prospective clinical trial, 42 patients with stable generalized vitiligo bilateral and symmetrical in distribution were included. Patients were divided into two groups, 21 patients with a total of 50 lesions were treated with MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/3 (Group I; 3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) and the other 21 patients with a total of 52 lesions were treated by MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/10 (Group II; 1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). To study the role of adjuvant phototherapy on repigmentation, lesions in each patient were divided into two subgroups (a and b): lesions in subgroups Ia and IIa (did not receive NB-UVB) and lesions in subgroups Ib and IIb (received adjuvant phototherapy NB-UVB, two sessions per week for 6 months). The overall grading of repigmentation used was excellent (90%-100% repigmentation), good (75%-89%), fair (50%-74%), and poor (50%). Also, the percentage of VASI change and color matching were used to assess the results. The study design was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University (IRB attached).RESULTS:The mean percentage of repigmentation was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas with or without adjuvant NB-UVB. It was 86.00 ± 16.21 and 87.62 ± 11.66 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 24.14 ± 18.08 and 29.98 ± 16.34 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent response was significantly better in group I than group II. It was 60% and 64% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, and 7.6 and 11.5 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The mean percentage of VASI change was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas. It was -90.74 ± 15.84 and -92.06 ± 11.86 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs -23.10 ± 32.85 and -26.03 ± 35.15 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent color match was better in group I than group II. It was 84% and 88% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 34.6 in both subgroups IIa and IIb (P 0.05). A higher density of epidermal cells was transplanted in the recipient area in group I (3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) compared to group II (1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups (Ia vs Ib and IIa vs IIb) although percentage of repigmentation was slightly better in NB-UVB subgroups.CONCLUSIONS:The higher density of epidermal cells used in the suspension, the higher the percentage of repigmentation obtained. The usage of adjuvant phototherapy following NKMT can enhance the repigmentation response.

BACKGROUND: The melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) is a safe and effective procedure in treatment of vitiligo. Major advantage of this technique is that a small area of donor skin is needed to cover a large recipient area. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal donor-to-recipient ratio (D/R) required to achieve acceptable repigmentation following melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) in generalized vitiligo. It has been postulated that the addition of post-transplantation phototherapy may enhance the results. This is first study to assess two different (D/R) ratios with or without adjuvant phototherapy. OBJECTIVE:To compare the repigmentation after MKTP using two different D/R ratios (1/3 and 1/10) with and without adjuvant phototherapy (NB-UVB)..METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this non randomized prospective clinical trial, 42 patients with stable generalized vitiligo bilateral and symmetrical in distribution were included. Patients were divided into two groups, 21 patients with a total of 50 lesions were treated with MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/3 (Group I; 3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) and the other 21 patients with a total of 52 lesions were treated by MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/10 (Group II; 1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). To study the role of adjuvant phototherapy on repigmentation, lesions in each patient were divided into two subgroups (a and b): lesions in subgroups Ia and IIa (did not receive NB-UVB) and lesions in subgroups Ib and IIb (received adjuvant phototherapy NB-UVB, two sessions per week for 6 months). The overall grading of repigmentation used was excellent (90%-100% repigmentation), good (75%-89%), fair (50%-74%), and poor (50%). Also, the percentage of VASI change and color matching were used to assess the results. The study design was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University (IRB attached).RESULTS:The mean percentage of repigmentation was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas with or without adjuvant NB-UVB. It was 86.00 ± 16.21 and 87.62 ± 11.66 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 24.14 ± 18.08 and 29.98 ± 16.34 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent response was significantly better in group I than group II. It was 60% and 64% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, and 7.6 and 11.5 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The mean percentage of VASI change was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas. It was -90.74 ± 15.84 and -92.06 ± 11.86 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs -23.10 ± 32.85 and -26.03 ± 35.15 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent color match was better in group I than group II. It was 84% and 88% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 34.6 in both subgroups IIa and IIb (P 0.05). A higher density of epidermal cells was transplanted in the recipient area in group I (3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) compared to group II (1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups (Ia vs Ib and IIa vs IIb) although percentage of repigmentation was slightly better in NB-UVB subgroups.CONCLUSIONS:The higher density of epidermal cells used in the suspension, the higher the percentage of repigmentation obtained. The usage of adjuvant phototherapy following NKMT can enhance the repigmentation response.

BACKGROUND: The melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) is a safe and effective procedure in treatment of vitiligo. Major advantage of this technique is that a small area of donor skin is needed to cover a large recipient area. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal donor-to-recipient ratio (D/R) required to achieve acceptable repigmentation following melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) in generalized vitiligo. It has been postulated that the addition of post-transplantation phototherapy may enhance the results. This is first study to assess two different (D/R) ratios with or without adjuvant phototherapy. OBJECTIVE:To compare the repigmentation after MKTP using two different D/R ratios (1/3 and 1/10) with and without adjuvant phototherapy (NB-UVB)..METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this non randomized prospective clinical trial, 42 patients with stable generalized vitiligo bilateral and symmetrical in distribution were included. Patients were divided into two groups, 21 patients with a total of 50 lesions were treated with MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/3 (Group I; 3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) and the other 21 patients with a total of 52 lesions were treated by MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/10 (Group II; 1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). To study the role of adjuvant phototherapy on repigmentation, lesions in each patient were divided into two subgroups (a and b): lesions in subgroups Ia and IIa (did not receive NB-UVB) and lesions in subgroups Ib and IIb (received adjuvant phototherapy NB-UVB, two sessions per week for 6 months). The overall grading of repigmentation used was excellent (90%-100% repigmentation), good (75%-89%), fair (50%-74%), and poor (50%). Also, the percentage of VASI change and color matching were used to assess the results. The study design was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University (IRB attached).RESULTS:The mean percentage of repigmentation was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas with or without adjuvant NB-UVB. It was 86.00 ± 16.21 and 87.62 ± 11.66 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 24.14 ± 18.08 and 29.98 ± 16.34 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent response was significantly better in group I than group II. It was 60% and 64% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, and 7.6 and 11.5 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The mean percentage of VASI change was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas. It was -90.74 ± 15.84 and -92.06 ± 11.86 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs -23.10 ± 32.85 and -26.03 ± 35.15 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent color match was better in group I than group II. It was 84% and 88% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 34.6 in both subgroups IIa and IIb (P 0.05). A higher density of epidermal cells was transplanted in the recipient area in group I (3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) compared to group II (1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups (Ia vs Ib and IIa vs IIb) although percentage of repigmentation was slightly better in NB-UVB subgroups.CONCLUSIONS:The higher density of epidermal cells used in the suspension, the higher the percentage of repigmentation obtained. The usage of adjuvant phototherapy following NKMT can enhance the repigmentation response.

BACKGROUND: The melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) is a safe and effective procedure in treatment of vitiligo. Major advantage of this technique is that a small area of donor skin is needed to cover a large recipient area. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal donor-to-recipient ratio (D/R) required to achieve acceptable repigmentation following melanocyte and keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) in generalized vitiligo. It has been postulated that the addition of post-transplantation phototherapy may enhance the results. This is first study to assess two different (D/R) ratios with or without adjuvant phototherapy. OBJECTIVE:To compare the repigmentation after MKTP using two different D/R ratios (1/3 and 1/10) with and without adjuvant phototherapy (NB-UVB)..METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this non randomized prospective clinical trial, 42 patients with stable generalized vitiligo bilateral and symmetrical in distribution were included. Patients were divided into two groups, 21 patients with a total of 50 lesions were treated with MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/3 (Group I; 3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) and the other 21 patients with a total of 52 lesions were treated by MKTP using a D/R ratio of 1/10 (Group II; 1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). To study the role of adjuvant phototherapy on repigmentation, lesions in each patient were divided into two subgroups (a and b): lesions in subgroups Ia and IIa (did not receive NB-UVB) and lesions in subgroups Ib and IIb (received adjuvant phototherapy NB-UVB, two sessions per week for 6 months). The overall grading of repigmentation used was excellent (90%-100% repigmentation), good (75%-89%), fair (50%-74%), and poor (50%). Also, the percentage of VASI change and color matching were used to assess the results. The study design was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University (IRB attached).RESULTS:The mean percentage of repigmentation was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas with or without adjuvant NB-UVB. It was 86.00 ± 16.21 and 87.62 ± 11.66 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 24.14 ± 18.08 and 29.98 ± 16.34 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent response was significantly better in group I than group II. It was 60% and 64% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, and 7.6 and 11.5 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The mean percentage of VASI change was significantly better in group I than group II cases in both areas. It was -90.74 ± 15.84 and -92.06 ± 11.86 in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs -23.10 ± 32.85 and -26.03 ± 35.15 in subgroups IIa and IIb, respectively (P value was 0.000). The percent of excellent color match was better in group I than group II. It was 84% and 88% in subgroups Ia and Ib, respectively, vs 34.6 in both subgroups IIa and IIb (P 0.05). A higher density of epidermal cells was transplanted in the recipient area in group I (3000 ± 500 cell/mm2 ) compared to group II (1000 ± 200 cell/mm2 ). There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups (Ia vs Ib and IIa vs IIb) although percentage of repigmentation was slightly better in NB-UVB subgroups.CONCLUSIONS:The higher density of epidermal cells used in the suspension, the higher the percentage of repigmentation obtained. The usage of adjuvant phototherapy following NKMT can enhance the repigmentation response.