This paper investigates experimentally the relation between tensile reinforcement of sagging and hogging region on the performance of the reinforced concrete continuous T-beams and their effect on the moment redistribution. Four two-span RC continuous beams were manufactured and tested up to failure, three of them were designed with a loaded central concrete column. This research provides an insightful and comprehensive description of the carrying capacity, deformation, ductility index, and moment redistribution of the continuous beam with the different steel reinforcement ratio at critical zones. The results show that the load-carrying capacity of continuous beams depends mainly on the longitudinal reinforcement at sagging region rather than that of the hogging region. The sagging reinforcement improves the ductility and the serviceability of the continuous beams at the allowable deflection and the permissible crack width. The moment redistribution ratio depends on the ratio between the sagging reinforcement and the hogging reinforcement areas, especially after the yielding loads. At the hogging and sagging regions with equal reinforcement areas, the moment redistribution values were reduced in comparison to the other tested beams.

This paper investigates experimentally the relation between tensile reinforcement of sagging and hogging region on the performance of the reinforced concrete continuous T-beams and their effect on the moment redistribution. Four two-span RC continuous beams were manufactured and tested up to failure, three of them were designed with a loaded central concrete column. This research provides an insightful and comprehensive description of the carrying capacity, deformation, ductility index, and moment redistribution of the continuous beam with the different steel reinforcement ratio at critical zones. The results show that the load-carrying capacity of continuous beams depends mainly on the longitudinal reinforcement at sagging region rather than that of the hogging region. The sagging reinforcement improves the ductility and the serviceability of the continuous beams at the allowable deflection and the permissible crack width. The moment redistribution ratio depends on the ratio between the sagging reinforcement and the hogging reinforcement areas, especially after the yielding loads. At the hogging and sagging regions with equal reinforcement areas, the moment redistribution values were reduced in comparison to the other tested beams.

The main objective of this paper is to allow renewable energy sources (RES) to actively participate within hybrid microgrid by proposing a new control system based on fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller. Fractional order proportional integral controller is a classical proportional integral (PI) in which the integral part is a fraction instead of integer numbers. The paper introduces a hybrid photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine and battery storage system connected to a three-phase grid. Three types of controller are considered and compared for a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), namely, FOPI, PI, and the fractional order integral control (FIC). For the PV resource, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller was designed using the incremental conductance plus integral regulator technique. A DC/DC boost converter was utilized to connect the renewable energy resources to a point of common coupling. MATLAB/Simulink is adopted to perform the simulation results of the developed HRES. The results show that the FOPI controller outperforms other controllers under several operating conditions. The paper also includes experimental results from a prototype real scale.

The main objective of this paper is to allow renewable energy sources (RES) to actively participate within hybrid microgrid by proposing a new control system based on fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller. Fractional order proportional integral controller is a classical proportional integral (PI) in which the integral part is a fraction instead of integer numbers. The paper introduces a hybrid photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine and battery storage system connected to a three-phase grid. Three types of controller are considered and compared for a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), namely, FOPI, PI, and the fractional order integral control (FIC). For the PV resource, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller was designed using the incremental conductance plus integral regulator technique. A DC/DC boost converter was utilized to connect the renewable energy resources to a point of common coupling. MATLAB/Simulink is adopted to perform the simulation results of the developed HRES. The results show that the FOPI controller outperforms other controllers under several operating conditions. The paper also includes experimental results from a prototype real scale.

The main objective of this paper is to allow renewable energy sources (RES) to actively participate within hybrid microgrid by proposing a new control system based on fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller. Fractional order proportional integral controller is a classical proportional integral (PI) in which the integral part is a fraction instead of integer numbers. The paper introduces a hybrid photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine and battery storage system connected to a three-phase grid. Three types of controller are considered and compared for a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), namely, FOPI, PI, and the fractional order integral control (FIC). For the PV resource, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller was designed using the incremental conductance plus integral regulator technique. A DC/DC boost converter was utilized to connect the renewable energy resources to a point of common coupling. MATLAB/Simulink is adopted to perform the simulation results of the developed HRES. The results show that the FOPI controller outperforms other controllers under several operating conditions. The paper also includes experimental results from a prototype real scale.

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor (CIS) with high sensitivity. The sensor is designed and implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The pixel occupies an area of 3 µm x 3 µm and consists of six NMOS transistors with one capacitor. The readout circuit features an extremely low output noise of 19 µVrms with a 4 MHz bandwidth. Power dissipation of 11.2 µW was achieved at low voltage operation of 1.6 V. The sensor has a combination of low noise and a 97 dB wide dynamic range due to the diode connected load configuration.

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor (CIS) with high sensitivity. The sensor is designed and implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The pixel occupies an area of 3 µm x 3 µm and consists of six NMOS transistors with one capacitor. The readout circuit features an extremely low output noise of 19 µVrms with a 4 MHz bandwidth. Power dissipation of 11.2 µW was achieved at low voltage operation of 1.6 V. The sensor has a combination of low noise and a 97 dB wide dynamic range due to the diode connected load configuration.

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor (CIS) with high sensitivity. The sensor is designed and implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The pixel occupies an area of 3 µm x 3 µm and consists of six NMOS transistors with one capacitor. The readout circuit features an extremely low output noise of 19 µVrms with a 4 MHz bandwidth. Power dissipation of 11.2 µW was achieved at low voltage operation of 1.6 V. The sensor has a combination of low noise and a 97 dB wide dynamic range due to the diode connected load configuration.

Wheeled mobile robots are popular because of relatively low mechanical complexity and energy consumption. The need of personal mobility supporting personal movement for the aging society is increasing. As mobility needs limited independent power sources, energy management is the key factor to complete tasks. This paper presents a wheeled device with a redundant drive system to continue its motion safely when one of the motors breaks down for some causes. Simulation results show that the proposed method is effective in saving energy approximately by 33 % compared to a conventional one.

This article presents sliding mode–based robust tracking control for a redundant wheeled drive system, which is designed for energy saving and fail safe motion. Wheeled mobile robots are widely used in different applications such as a wheelchair and an automated guided vehicle because of their loading capability, low mechanical complexity, and simple engineering design. In addition, using wheeled mobile robots is an effective way to enhance the quality of life for elderly and disabled people to promote their independence and to extend their activities. Wheeled mobile robots are generally operated using embedded batteries, which determine the operating time. Therefore, saving energy motion is a significant requirement to extend the operation time. The dynamics of a redundant wheeled drive system is described. Distribution control and sliding mode control for wheeled mobile robots are proposed, and its stability is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated experimentally, providing superior results to conventional state feedback control and robust tracking in the real environment with less energy.