Volatile aldehydes (VAs) formed during soybean oil (SBO) heating, wheat dough (WD) frying, and chicken breast meat (CBM) frying processes were comparatively investigated by solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that relative amounts (RAs) of the most detected VAs were firstly increased to maximum values in oil samples collected at the second hour of the seventh day and the values were then decreased with the increase in the time of oil heating process (control). However, for food frying processes, the time needed for reaching maximum RAs of VAs was shorter and the values were decreased with the increase in frying time. Significant change in contents of the VAs was observed for oil samples fried with CBM due to the high contents of water, protein, and lipid content compared to oil samples fried with WD. Based on the obtained results, free radical reaction, particularly positional isomerization and cis-trans isomerization, was deduced to occur when WD or CBM was fried in SBO. The relatively high RAs of VAs formed during the deep-fat frying process presented certain invaluable measures for evaluating of frying oil and fried food quality and safety.

تأثير المعاملة بالجبرلين وطول الفترة الضوئيه علي نمو نبات الفراوله

تأثير المعاملة بالجبرلين وطول الفترة الضوئيه علي نمو نبات الفراوله

تأثير المعاملة بالجبرلين وطول الفترة الضوئيه علي نمو نبات الفراوله

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In recent decades, heavy metal contamination in soil adjacent to chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood has received increasing attention. This study was conducted to determine the pollution level (PL) based on the concentrations of Cr, Cu and As in soils and to evaluate the remediative capacity of native plant species grown in the CCA contaminated site, Gangwon Province, Korea. The pollution index (PI), integrated pollution index (IPI), bioaccumulation factors (BAFshoots and BAFroots) and translocation factor (TF) were determined to ensure soil contamination and phytoremediation availability. The 19 soil samples from 10 locations possibly contaminated with Cr, Cu and As were collected. The concentrations of Cr, Cu and As in the soil samples ranged from 50.56-94.13 mg kg-1, 27.78-120.83 mg kg-1, and 0.13-9.43 mg kg-1, respectively. Generally, the metal concentrations decreased as the distance between the CCA-treated wood structure and sampling point increased. For investigating phytoremediative capacity, the 19 native plant species were also collected in the same area with soil samples. Our results showed that only one plant species of Iris ensata, which presented the highest accumulations of Cr (1120 mg kg-1) in its shoot, was identified as a hyperaccumulator. Moreover, the relatively higher values of BAFshoot (3.23-22.10) were observed for Typha orientalis, Iris ensata and Scirpus radicans Schk, suggesting that these plant species might be applicable for selective metal extraction from the soils. For phytostabilization, the 15 plant species with BAFroot values >1 and TF values 1 were suitable; however, Typha orientalis was the best for Cr.

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Chelating agents added to contaminated soils may increase solubility and phytoextraction efficiency of soil metals. However, they can create negative effects on soil biological quality. A 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate mixed effects of chelating agents and poultry manure on changes in available Cd, Pb and As, CO2-C efflux, microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C (DOC), and N mineralization in metal-polluted agricultural soil. Application of poultry manure resulted in a considerable increase in soil pH, DOC, CO2-C efflux, net N mineralization, net N nitrification, and microbial biomass C compared to those in unmanured soil. Availability of arsenic increased twice in manure amended soil due to changes in pH and DOC. However, adding poultry manure did not affect the concentrations of available Pb and Cd compared to those in control soil. Chelating agents increased CO2-C efflux, DOC, and metal availability but decreased microbial biomass C and net N mineralization. Maximum decrease in microbial biomass C, net N mineralization, and net N nitrification, was observed in EDTA applied soil possibly due to high metal availability to soil microorganisms. Overall results revealed that the application of synthetic chelators in combination with poultry manure enhances available As and demonstrates better environment for soil biota.

The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations and pollution status of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr) in the mangrove surface sediments from the Farasan Island, Coast of Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. The ability of mangroves (Avicennia marina) to accumulate and translocate heavy metal within their different compartments was also investigated. Five sampling sites were chosen for collection of sediments and different compartments (leaf, branch and root) of A. marina. The results showed that the maximum and average concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in the studied area exceeded their world average concentration of shale. Additionally, only the maximum concentration of Zn exceeded its world average shale concentration. Based on the quality guidelines of sediment (SQGs), the collected sediment samples were in moderate to heavy rate for Cu, non-polluted to heavy rate for Pb and Zn, and non-polluted to moderate rate for Cr and Ni. The average metal concentrations of A. marina in the studied area were observed in the order Cu (256.0–356.6 mg kg−1) > Zn (29.5–36.8 mg kg−1) > Cr (8.15–14.9 mg kg−1) > Ni (1.37–4.02 mg kg−1) > Cd (not detectable-1.04 mg kg−1) > Pb (not detectable). Based on bio-concentration factors (BCF), their most obtained values were considered too high (> 1), suggesting that A. marina can be considered as a high-efficient plant for bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Among all metals, Cu and Cr were highly bio-accumulated in different parts of A. marina. In terms of heavy metal contamination control via phyto-extraction, our findings suggest also that A. marina may be classified as potential accumulator for Cu in aboveground parts, as indicated by higher metal accumulation in the leaves combined with bio-concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values >1.