An area of about half acre was cultivated with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in 2012 summer season. Obtained data indicated that the infestation began when the plant aged one month. Infestation with T. absoluta reached the maximum number of 50 and 28 larvae per 10 leaves on hybrids of H6 and H7, respectively. The infestation was then decreased gradually until the end of the season. The relative efficiency of the plant age factor was found 25% out of about 90%. Data indicated also that mirid bugs seemed to be responsible for about 14% of the variability of the infestation with T. absoluta larvae. Mirid bugs occupied the second rank of the rating sort. Both hybrids, (H6 and H7) showed similar effect of maximum temperature on larval infestation. Rating sort of co-efficient of determination revealed that the air temperature ranked the fourth factor. However, air temperature was found to be responsible for about 9% and 10% of the variability of larval infestation between the two hybrids H6 and H7, respectively. The maximum relative humidity took the lowest level. The statistical analysis indicated that the coefficient of determination of soil temperature and larvae of T. absoluta infesting H6 and H7 was about 10% and 17%, respectively. Results of the present investigation clearly show that plant age (Rate 1) may be the key factor as it had a small simple correlation despite RH (Rate8) approximately had a similar simple correlation. These reversed evidences, prove that the simple correlation is not enough to determine the potency of an independent factor unless it correlate with other factors. Thus, multi-coefficient analysis is highly recommended in such cases.

The study was carried out on cultivated wheat fields at three governorates of Upper Egypt, Assiut, Sohag and Qena. The entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids were surveyed, and identified. The dominant occurrence of each fungus at the studied fields was estimated. Four entomopathogenic fungi were identified, i.e.,: Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), Paecilomyces variotii (Wise), and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff). The pathogenic laboratory tests were carried out to explain the sensitivity and ability of the subjected aphids to fungal infestation. The mortality of grain aphids due to these fungi was assayed and evaluated. C. cladosporioides fungus showed great ability to spread its hyphae and condiospores on the target aphid and killed it. On the other hand the conidiospores germinated where formed germ tubes and also formed infective hyphae like-spear for mechanical pressure and to easy direct penetrate of insect cuticle. Scanning electron microscope revealed that B. bassiana condiogenous cells are carrying conidia single, spherical or subspherical conidiospores were shown penetrating the integument of insects. Meanwhile, the entomopathogenic fungus also was able to infect and kill the target insects. Data also revealed that the closely attachment of the fungal mycelium to the grain aphid cuticle may accelerate its germination and conditioning it for penetrating the target host .Data of scanning electron microscope is considered the perfect tool to investigate and observe the mode action of fungal pathgenicity against insects where permit to explain how the entomopathogenic fungi are able to colonize and infect the target insects.

The study was carried out on cultivated wheat fields at three governorates of Upper Egypt, Assiut, Sohag and Qena. The entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids were surveyed, and identified. The dominant occurrence of each fungus at the studied fields was estimated. Four entomopathogenic fungi were identified, i.e.,: Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), Paecilomyces variotii (Wise), and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff). The pathogenic laboratory tests were carried out to explain the sensitivity and ability of the subjected aphids to fungal infestation. The mortality of grain aphids due to these fungi was assayed and evaluated. C. cladosporioides fungus showed great ability to spread its hyphae and condiospores on the target aphid and killed it. On the other hand the conidiospores germinated where formed germ tubes and also formed infective hyphae like-spear for mechanical pressure and to easy direct penetrate of insect cuticle. Scanning electron microscope revealed that B. bassiana condiogenous cells are carrying conidia single, spherical or subspherical conidiospores were shown penetrating the integument of insects. Meanwhile, the entomopathogenic fungus also was able to infect and kill the target insects. Data also revealed that the closely attachment of the fungal mycelium to the grain aphid cuticle may accelerate its germination and conditioning it for penetrating the target host .Data of scanning electron microscope is considered the perfect tool to investigate and observe the mode action of fungal pathgenicity against insects where permit to explain how the entomopathogenic fungi are able to colonize and infect the target insects.

The study was carried out on cultivated wheat fields at three governorates of Upper Egypt, Assiut, Sohag and Qena. The entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids were surveyed, and identified. The dominant occurrence of each fungus at the studied fields was estimated. Four entomopathogenic fungi were identified, i.e.,: Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), Paecilomyces variotii (Wise), and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff). The pathogenic laboratory tests were carried out to explain the sensitivity and ability of the subjected aphids to fungal infestation. The mortality of grain aphids due to these fungi was assayed and evaluated. C. cladosporioides fungus showed great ability to spread its hyphae and condiospores on the target aphid and killed it. On the other hand the conidiospores germinated where formed germ tubes and also formed infective hyphae like-spear for mechanical pressure and to easy direct penetrate of insect cuticle. Scanning electron microscope revealed that B. bassiana condiogenous cells are carrying conidia single, spherical or subspherical conidiospores were shown penetrating the integument of insects. Meanwhile, the entomopathogenic fungus also was able to infect and kill the target insects. Data also revealed that the closely attachment of the fungal mycelium to the grain aphid cuticle may accelerate its germination and conditioning it for penetrating the target host .Data of scanning electron microscope is considered the perfect tool to investigate and observe the mode action of fungal pathgenicity against insects where permit to explain how the entomopathogenic fungi are able to colonize and infect the target insects.

The tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the major pests that attacks tomato and other solanaceae plants. It is currently considered a key agricultural threat to tomato production in Egypt, within its spread on 2008.TLM is becoming resistant to many of the pesticides used in tomato fields. One of the potential alternative methods of control is host plant resistance as a tool in IPM program. We examined the susceptibility of certain tomato hybrids (TH99806, TH99807, E.448 and Super akal) against the TLM infestation, during the winter and summer seasons of two successive years (2012 and 2013). The results revealed that the TLM showed different states of preference towards the investigated tomato cultivars. This finding may be important in breeding programs aiming to develop tomato cultivars resistant to this pest. The intensity of TLM infestation was arranged according to the level of leaves on the plant, it was found that the eldest leaves harbored the highest level of infestation which attributed to the accumulation of larvae through the growing of host plant.

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the key pests of tomato. Chemical control has been the main method of controlling it. However, reduced efficacy of some of the recommended insecticides has been observed. An experiment was conducted at Manfalout district Assiut Governorate during two successive tomato seasons (2012 & 2013) to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides for the control of the tomato leafminer, T. absoluta on tomato. Eight treatments (five insecticides + control) in randomized complete block design were oriented. Five insecticides Demeron 10% Ec, Avaunt 15% EC, Coragen 20% SC, Proclim 5% SG, Radiant 12% SC, and two biocides’ namely; Dipel 65% DF and Mycotal 52% WG were applied. All the insecticides were significantly better than untreated check in reducing pest population after applications. Coragen 20% Sc proved to be the best followed by Dipel 6.5% DF and Radiant 12% Sc

Experiments were carried out to determine the periods of acquisition, latent period, inoculation and retention of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) when transmitted by the green peach aphid. Trials were set up with broad bean plants, and the method of indirect-ELISA was used to determine the latent carriers of the virus. Even a single viruliferous aphid was capable of transmitting the virus. However, the maximum transmission was obtained when 10 aphids per plant were employed. It was stablished that after acquisition of BYMV, Myzus persicae remains short time. The optimal period for acquisition of BYMV by the green peach aphid is determined to be 48 hours, and the minimal is 45 minutes. The optimal latent period of the virus in the vector for inoculation of BYMV by the green peach aphid is 48 hours and the minimal is 20 minutes

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Fifty bread wheat lines were evaluated for heat tolerance and compared to some local cultivars under three sowing dates (November 25th, December 15th and January 5th). Four agronomic traits were evaluated, i.e. No. of spikes per plant, grain yield per plant, 100-kernel weight and harvest index under normal and stress conditions. Analysis of variance showed highly significant variations among the tested lines and demonstrating that the main effect of sowing dates was due to the late date. Grain yield per plant was the most affected trait by heat followed by 100-kernel weight and No. of spikes per plant, while harvest index showed the lowest reduction due to heat stress. Six lines (L1, L11, L16, L34, L37 and L41) showed heat tolerance based on high performance in grain yield/plant by 29.45, 29.75, 27.75, 27.43, 27.37 and 31.90 g, respectively under late sowing conditions as well as low heat sensitivity index. The sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was able to differentiate between bulked DNA samples of lines with the highest and lowest performance in agronomic traits under heat stress. SRAP generated 2, 1 and 3 bands specific for lines with high performance of No. of spikes per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index, respectively as well as it showed 5 and 3 bands specific for lines with low performance of grain yield per plant and harvest index, respectively. These specific bands could serve in wheat genotyping and screening, and might be used as SRAP markers associated with heat tolerance in wheat breeding programs.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of light source and type on growth performance, carcass traits and blood constitutes of Sharkasi chickens. Three hundred and sixty birds were randomly assigned to 6 groups and housed in floor pens under two light source and type from 4 wk till 24 wk of age. The first, second and third groups were reared under incandescent bulbs with continues light for 12 hours per day (C), 6 h continues light +6 h flash light/day (T1) and 12 hours flash light per day (T2), respectively. While the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were reared under fluorescent bulbs with continues light for 12 hours per day (T3), 6 h continues light +6 h flash light/day (T4) and 12 hours flash light per day (T5), respectively. Feed and water were available ad lib. and all the other conditions were the same during the experimental period. The results showed that light type significantly affected body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and carcass traits. However, it had insignificant effects on blood traits. In addition, birds reared under light source had significantly (P≤0.05) body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion as compared to the other two groups. No significant differences (P≤0.05) were found between groups in leg problems and carcass traits. Finally, the economical efficiency of the birds reared under fluorescent bulbs was better than the incandescent light groups. However, the economical efficiency of the birds reared under flash light bulbs was better than the continues light groups.