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Cereal grains are a major source of human food and their production has steadily been increased during the last several decades to meet the demand of our increasing world population. The modernized society and the expansion of the cereal food industry created a need for highly efficient processing technologies, especially flour production. Earlier scientific research efforts have led to the invention of the modern steel roller mill, and the refined flour of wheat has become a basic component in most of cereal-based foods such as breads and pastries because of the unique functionality of wheat protein. On the other hand, epidemiological studies have found that consumption of whole cereal grains was health beneficial. The health benefit of whole cereal grain is attributed to the combined effects of micronutrients, phytochemicals, and dietary fibre, which are mainly located in the outer bran layer and the germ. However, the removal of bran and germ from cereal grains during polishing and milling results in refined flour and food products with lower bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents than those from whole grain. Also, the level of bioactive compounds in cereal food is influenced by other food preparation procedures such as baking, cooking, extrusion, and puffing. Therefore, food scientists and nutritionists are searching for strategies and processing technologies to enhance the content and bioavailability of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibre of cereal foods. The objective of this article was to review the research advances on technologies for the enhancement of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents of cereal and cereal-based foods. Bioactivities or biological effects of enhanced cereal and cereal-based foods are presented. Challenges facing the application of the proposed technologies in the food industry are also discussed.

Abstract Field and laboratory studies were conducted at 2014 on the Experimental Farm and laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt to evaluate the protective ability of three neonicotinoid insecticides as seed treatment (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) against aphid damage in faba bean. In addition, we investigated the neonicotinoid side effects on the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mycorrhizal fungus; Glomus mosseae populations associated with faba bean plants relevant their growth. The neonicotinoid treatments significantly protected faba bean plants against cowpea aphid infestation for 48 days after planting, the protective ratios with imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were 87.67, 54.08 and 81.05 %, respectively. On the other hand, negative effects were observed toward soil yeast, S. cerevisiae and G. mosseae populations, showing significant decrease in the numbers of these microorganisms in all treatments after 15 days from sowing. Moreover, these adverse effects extended to other 30 days in acetamiprid and imidacloprid treatments. The negative effects reduced the nodulations as well as shoot and the root weights of treated faba bean plants till 30-days from sowing. Side effects of the tested neonicotinoids were varied and thiamethoxam showed the least severe adverse effect. These neonicotinoid treatments affected faba bean seed yield, which significantly increased as compared with the untreated control.

Abstract Field and laboratory studies were conducted at 2014 on the Experimental Farm and laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt to evaluate the protective ability of three neonicotinoid insecticides as seed treatment (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) against aphid damage in faba bean. In addition, we investigated the neonicotinoid side effects on the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mycorrhizal fungus; Glomus mosseae populations associated with faba bean plants relevant their growth. The neonicotinoid treatments significantly protected faba bean plants against cowpea aphid infestation for 48 days after planting, the protective ratios with imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were 87.67, 54.08 and 81.05 %, respectively. On the other hand, negative effects were observed toward soil yeast, S. cerevisiae and G. mosseae populations, showing significant decrease in the numbers of these microorganisms in all treatments after 15 days from sowing. Moreover, these adverse effects extended to other 30 days in acetamiprid and imidacloprid treatments. The negative effects reduced the nodulations as well as shoot and the root weights of treated faba bean plants till 30-days from sowing. Side effects of the tested neonicotinoids were varied and thiamethoxam showed the least severe adverse effect. These neonicotinoid treatments affected faba bean seed yield, which significantly increased as compared with the untreated control.

β-Sitosterol (Sit) and stearic acid (SA) were combined at varying ratios (w/w) and added to sunflower oil (SFO) at the concentration of 20 g/100 g oil for preparing edible fat-like oleogel. The oleogel was characterized using an optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter, and texture analyzer. The oil-binding capacity, melting temperature, and firmness of the oleogel increased with the increase in the amount of SA in the gelator combination (Sit:SA, w/w). The microscopic analysis showed that the gel network formed based on the crystallization and self-organization of gelator molecules, and both gelators showed an independent crystalline behavior in the oleogel. In addition, the FTIR spectra showed that the gel network formed via physical entanglements and was stabilized by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, XRD diffraction patterns indicated high lateral packing of molecular layers in oleogel prepared with the Sit and SA combination compared with oleogel prepared with a single gelator. On the other hand, for studying the effect of varying concentrations of gelator combinations, the Sit3:SA2 (w/w) combination was added to SFO at concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g/100 g oil. Specific characteristics such as the oil-binding capacity and firmness of the oleogel improved as the concentration of the gelator combination (Sit3:SA2) increased from 10 up to 30 g/100 g oil. Therefore, it can be concluded that the saturated fat alternative oleogel can be prepared from SFO with a specific Sit and SA combination ratio and concentration.

Temperature is a main ecological factor affect the bioinsecticides toxicity on the destructive larval stage of the cotton leafworm (CLW). The effect of post-exposure temperatures from 13 to 39 °C on the toxicities of two spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and two avermectins(abamectin and emamectin benzoate) toward Spodoptera littoralis (BoisduVal) larvae was evaluated using topical and feeding bioassays. Spinosad and spinetoram showed negative temperature coefficient against CLW larvae. The LC50 values of spinosad and spinetoram decreased by 70.21 and 37.45 folds when temperature increased from 13 to 39◦C. the two compounds showed negative temperature coefficient values (-1.71; - 9.92) in the feeding bioassay. On contrast, in feeding application abamectin and emamectin benzoate showed high positive temperature coefficient 27.79 and 194.50 when temperature increased from 19 to 39◦C.The present results as certain the effect of temperature on the pesticides toxicity. So, spinosyins should be applied in cold weather, whereas, abamectin and emamectin benzoate performed well in relative high temperature. بحث رقم (6): بحث فردى ومنشور ف

Abstract Temperature is a main ecological factor affect the bioinsecticides toxicity on the destructive larval stage of the cotton leafworm (CLW). The effect of post-exposure temperatures from 13 to 39 °C on the toxicities of two spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and two avermectins(abamectin and emamectin benzoate) toward Spodoptera littoralis (BoisduVal) larvae was evaluated using topical and feeding bioassays. Spinosad and spinetoram showed negative temperature coefficient against CLW larvae. The LC50 values of spinosad and spinetoram decreased by 70.21 and 37.45 folds when temperature increased from 13 to 39◦C. the two compounds showed negative temperature coefficient values (-1.71; - 9.92) in the feeding bioassay. On contrast, in feeding application abamectin and emamectin benzoate showed high positive temperature coefficient 27.79 and 194.50 when temperature increased from 19 to 39◦C.The present results as certain the effect of temperature on the pesticides toxicity. So, spinosyins should be applied in cold weather, whereas, abamectin and emamectin benzoate performed well in relative high temperature.

Faba bean is an important grain legume crop that provides nitrogen input into temperate agriculture systems. Breeding for improving winter hardiness and frost tolerance of winter faba bean is currently needed. The main objectives of this study were to examine the winter hardiness and effect of sowing dates (20th October and 20th November of 2012) in a set of 20 genotypes (10 tolerant and 10 susceptible), selected from artificial frost stress experiments, under field conditions and to test the genetic diversity and validate some SNP associated with frost tolerance in the elite genotypes. The genotypes were selected, based on their regrowth after frost (REG, frost tolerance), from 189 winter faba bean genotypes evaluated in Frost Growth Chamber (FGCh). Two winter hardiness traits (winter survival rate and leaf frost susceptibility) and four yield traits (plant height, the number of pods, 100-seed weight, and days to maturity) were scored in this study. All frost-tolerant genotypes showed higher winter survival rate (85%) than the frost-susceptible group (67%) in the first sowing date, while, all genotypes survived in the second sowing date.. The effect of sowing date was not significant for only 100-seed weight. The genetic distance (GD) between genotypes was calculated using 189 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The GD ranged from 0.59 to 0.89, indicating that a high genetic diversity resided among genotypes. The results suggest that the first sowing date is better for high agronomic features, and selection should be performed to increase winter hardiness in winter faba bean genotypes. Among all SNPs tested in this study, one SNP was validated and found to be associated with increased winter survival rate and decreased leaf frost susceptibility.

Aphids are very serious pest in greenhouses and field in many countries. The toxicity of two insecticides with different mode of action and three petroleum ether plant extracts were tested against two aphid species; Brevicoryne brassicae L, and Aphis craccivora koch in the laboratory using leaf-dip bioassay. The toxicity index showed that the carbamate insecticide, primicarb has the highest aphicidal activity. Based on the LC50 values, primicarb was the most toxic compound with LC50S of 0.12 and 0.26 mg/L against B. brassicae and A. craccivora, respectively. Imidacloprid was the least toxic compound against B. brassicae with LC50 of 2.14 mg/L. Against A. craccivora, henbane extract was the least toxic compound (LC50=19.7 mg/L.). The results indicated that field efficiency of primicarb and imidacloprid were compatible with the laboratory results. However, plant extracts showed opposite results under field conditions.

Emamectin benzoate and spinetoram are two important and promising new insecticides in caterpillar lepidoptera larvae/larvae control. The toxicity of these compounds against larvae of cotton leafworm (CLW), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was compared using topical application and feeding techniques. The persistence/residual efficacy under field conditions was also investigated. Based on the LD50 values against 4th instar larvae, emamectin benzoate proved to be better than spinetoram by 31516 fold. The LD50 values of emamectin benzoate, cypermethrin, methomyl, chlorpyrifos, pyriproxyfen, profenofos, chlorpyrifosmethyl, abamectin, spinetoram, spinosad and imidacloprid were 0.0019, 0.0039, 0.03, 1.62, 3.13, 3.38, 4.00, 9.38, 59.88, 558.25 and 37384.38 µg a.i/ g larvae, respectively. The 3rd instar larvae showed higher susceptibility toward emamectin benzoate than spinetoram by 1551 and 41 times after 2 days post-treatment using cotton and castor bean, respectively. Two days post- treatment, the persistence of emamectin benzoate decreased gradually and significantly. After spraying cotton, the mortality percentages were 98.00, 70.00, 36.67 and 0.00 % after 0, 3, 6 and 10 days, respectively. However, the mortality % of this insecticide in castor was 91.11, 93.33 and 0.00 % after 0, 3 and 6 days respectively. In spinetoram, these percentages in cotton and castor were 96.67, 3.33, 3.33 and 0.00, 2.86, 0.00 after 0, 3 and 6 days. Our investigation recommended that emamectin benzoate is one of the best bio-insecticides in controlling CLW larvae infestations in cotton fields.