owadays the worldwide use of bumblebees as pollinator of several horticultural crops has resulted that they fulfil both an ecological and economical role. Consequently, exposure to pesticides is not unlikely. In general naturalyte insecticides as spinosyns are a major widely applied class because they are more selective than conventional pesticides, however, toxicity of spinosyns A and D (spinosad) has been reported on honeybees and bumblebees. In the field bumblebees can be exposed to pesticides by contact and by the consumption of contaminated food. In this project we assessed the potential hazards of a novel naturalyte insecticide spinetoram consisting of spinosyn J and L. Three different experiments were conducted in the laboratory wherein workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris were exposed to different concentrations starting form the maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) and then different dilutions (1/10-1/10,000). First, via direct contact with wet and dry residues of spinetoram severe worker loss was observed; the respective LC50-72h values were 50 μg/l and 21 μg/l. Typically, intoxicated bees showed symptoms of tremors and paralysis. Second, oral exposure via contaminated sugar water in micro-colonies demonstrated that the MFRC caused 100% worker loss after 4 weeks, whereas this was only 54% with 1/10 of the MFRC after 11 weeks. For worker mortality the calculated acute (72 h) and chronic (11 weeks) LC50 values were 21 μg/l and 2.5 μg/l, respectively. At 1/100 of the MFRC no lethal effects were observed. Next to lethal effects, sublethal effects were evaluated. In the nests exposed to the MFRC and to 1/10 of the MFRC the numbers of drones produced were significantly (P0.05) reduced when compared with the control group (57  4 drones). However at lower concentrations starting at 1/100 of the MFRC no sublethal effects were seen on the reproduction. Third, we assessed for potential sublethal effects by spinetoram (1/100-1/10,000 of the MFRC) towards foraging behaviour. Here we used the bioassay as developed to assess foraging effects by neonicotinoids (Mommaerts et al., 2010). Here no change in the behaviour of the workers was seen. In conclusion, the highest concentrations of spinetoram (MFRC and 1/10 of the MFRC) caused lethal mortality of exposed workers and this resulted in a loss of progeny. But when compared with spinosad, spinetoram is safer. Interestingly, no negative effects towards foraging behaviour were scored in the laboratory foraging bioassay. However, before making final conclusions about the compatibility of this compound with B. terrestris side-effects should be evaluated under more realistic field conditions with queen-right colonies.

The quantity and quality of grapevine fruit is very important to local and export productions. Black vine thrips (BVT), Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) injured the leaves from seedling to the blooming fall. Insecticides are the main strategy to grapevine insect control. There is a little information about the susceptibility of BVT to insecticides. This study carried out to test the potency and residual activity of six insecticides with different mode of action under laboratory and field conditions. The LC50 values for leaf dip after 24 hours with the insecticides were different. The emamectin benzoate was the most toxic against nymphs, and teflubenzuron was the least one, LC50s value decreased significantly after 48, 72 hours post treatments. For teflubenzuron, the LC50 values recorded were 11900, 7.05, 2.58 µg a.i./ ml after 24, 48 and 72 hours from treatment respectively. Based on the laboratory potency ratios, emamectin benzoate , malathion, and mineral oil showed higher effect against nymphs than adults by 3.11, 1.79, 1.18 folds, after 24 hours, being 1.63, 12.73 folds for emamectin benzoate, and teflubenzuron after 48 hours, and 1.68 for teflubenzuron after 72 hours. King Roby grapevine variety showed the most significant susceptibility to thrips infestation, while the Flaim was the most tolerant one. Emamectin benzoate was the highest in reduction ratios of nymphs thrips, where 92.30, 93.19 and 93.83% reduction at Flaim, Banaty, and King Roby varieties respectively. These results could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for thrips control in grapevine.

The quantity and quality of grapevine fruit is very important to local and export productions. Black vine thrips (BVT), Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) injured the leaves from seedling to the blooming fall. Insecticides are the main strategy to grapevine insect control. There is a little information about the susceptibility of BVT to insecticides. This study carried out to test the potency and residual activity of six insecticides with different mode of action under laboratory and field conditions. The LC50 values for leaf dip after 24 hours with the insecticides were different. The emamectin benzoate was the most toxic against nymphs, and teflubenzuron was the least one, LC50s value decreased significantly after 48, 72 hours post treatments. For teflubenzuron, the LC50 values recorded were 11900, 7.05, 2.58 µg a.i./ ml after 24, 48 and 72 hours from treatment respectively. Based on the laboratory potency ratios, emamectin benzoate , malathion, and mineral oil showed higher effect against nymphs than adults by 3.11, 1.79, 1.18 folds, after 24 hours, being 1.63, 12.73 folds for emamectin benzoate, and teflubenzuron after 48 hours, and 1.68 for teflubenzuron after 72 hours. King Roby grapevine variety showed the most significant susceptibility to thrips infestation, while the Flaim was the most tolerant one. Emamectin benzoate was the highest in reduction ratios of nymphs thrips, where 92.30, 93.19 and 93.83% reduction at Flaim, Banaty, and King Roby varieties respectively. These results could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for thrips control in grapevine.

Several pesticides from neonicotinoid and spinosyn groups were recently introduced for controlling several insect pests in Egypt. Plant materials contain numerous powerful insecticidal components; these are a promised alternative safe candidate to harmful synthetic insecticides. The neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, acetamiprid), spinetoram, and botanical extracts (sausage, rosemary, canola) toxicity was tested toward apterous aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) as well as mommies and parasitoid adults, Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) under controlled laboratory conditions using leaf dip and dry residue film of Potter Tower. The carboxylestrases activities of the two insect species adults were also determined using α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) by colorimetric technique. Spinetoram revealed aphicidal activity similar to the tested neonicotinoids against cabbage aphid. The insecticides as well as extracts except rosemary were more toxic against mommies than aphids after 24 hrs from dipping exposure. Seven days later, the insecticides and sausage extract treatments were less toxic to parasitoid that emerged from treated mommies compared to aphids. The insecticide and extract treatments except sausage treatments were less toxic in parasitoid adults using dry contact residue film compared to aphids. The caboxylestrase enzymes showed lower affinity in aphids than in parasitoids by 11.66 folds. On contrary, the maximal activity (Vmax) was higher in the aphids than the parasitoid by 2.57 folds. To sum up, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, spinetoram, sausage extract, and canola extract were higher toxic to parasitoid mommies than aphids after 24 hrs from dipping exposure; these effects were not recognized in the emerged parasitoid adults. The insecticides as well as extracts were less toxic to the parasitoids than aphids using dry residue film. The caboxylestrases should be considered as one limited factor for the selectivity of tested compounds in aphid and their parasitoid.

Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.

Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.

Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.

Cotton leafworm is one of the most important insect pests infesting different varieties of vegetable as well as field crops. Non-conventional insecticides are the promised and used as the alternative agents of traditional pesticides especially in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Under laboratory conditions six of these agents plus the carbamate insecticide; methomyl ; were tested against the 48 hours aged eggs as well as the 2nd instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm using both dipping and feeding bioassay techniques, respectively. Based on the LC50 values, emamectin benzoate showed the most effective insecticide as ovicidal and larvicidal action, while jojoba oil showed the least efficient one. The toxicity of the tested compounds could be descendingly arranged as ovicidal action as follows: emamectin benzoate > azadirachtin > methomyl > spinetoram > spinosad > abamectin> jojoba oil. Whereas, the trend of these agents as larvicidal action was emamectin benzoate>methomyl > spinetoram > abamectin >spinosad > azadirachtin > jojoba oil. Emamctin benzoate and azadirachtin have more ovicidal potent effect than spinetoram by 12, 2 fold respectively. Also, the toxic effect of emamectin benzoate against 2nd instar larvae of S. littoralis was 31 and 258 folds as toxic as the toxicity of methomyl and spinetoram, respectively. Azadirachtin exhibited a moderate lavicidal effect, where the LC50 value was 395.67 ppm. Based on the present data, it can be suggested that emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin having good candidate agents as ovicidal pesticides. Moreover, the former was the best candidate as lavicidal pesticides. Also, those agents could be involved in integrated cotton leaf worm program.

Cinnamic acid (CA) was added to rice bran oil (RBO) at concentrations range from 2 to 12% (w/w) to prepare functional fat-like organogel. The oil binding capacity and gel formation time of the obtained organogels were determined. The results showed that the oil binding capacity was increased and the gel formation time was significantly (p 0.05) decreased with the increase in concentration of CA up to 10% (w/w). Based on these results, organogels prepared from RBO with 6, 8, and 10% CA (w/w) were chosen and subjected to further characterization analyses. The microscopy analysis showed different gel network structures and crystalline behavior for the organogels prepared with varying concentrations of CA. The rheological and thermal properties of the organogel were improved with the increase in CA concentration up to 10% (w/w). The X-ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that the gel network formed based on crystalline of CA and physical entanglements among the organogel components. In addition, the organogel of RBO with 10% CA (w/w) showed a uniform and homogenized structure during storage at 5 °C for 28 days compared to the organogels prepared with 6 and 8%. Therefore, it can be suggested that cinnamic acid is a good organogelator for preparing functional fat-like organogel from rice bran oil.

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