Hydrogen gas has been considered as an alternative energy source. We enhanced the photocatalytic water splitting of titanium oxide (TiO₂) by employing copper-based nanoparticles as cocatalysts. Copper trimesate (CuTM) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) served as a precursor for synthesizing copper-based nanomaterials through carbonization in air and an inert argon gas environment. A mixed-valence materials were synthesized, including metallic copper (Cu0) and copper oxides, i.e., CuO or Cu₂O. The photocatalysts CuTM/TiO₂, CuTM_Ar/TiO₂, and CuTM_Air/TiO₂ exhibited initial and cumulative hydrogen generation rates (HGRs) of 22.8 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ and 107.9 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹; 25.5 and 120.7 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹; and 13.8 and 72.1 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹, respectively. All cocatalysts enhance TiO₂ photocatalysis. Carbonized CuTM in an argon atmosphere enhanced HGR values significantly compared to CuTM and air-carbonized CuTM. The heterojunction established between the synthesized cocatalysts and the photocatalyst TiO₂ is the primary factor contributing to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the composite relative to its unmodified photocatalyst. The mechanism of improvement was discussed based on data derived from various analytical techniques, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoelectrochemical measurements, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

We successfully prepared and characterized a novel MnO2@Al-BDC nanocomposite. TEM and XPS analysis confirmed the presence of MnO2 on the surface of the Al-BDC MOF. The nanocomposite demonstrated higher activity in removing trivalent iron from wastewater compared to Al-BDC MOF. The removal efficiency reached 97% iron remediation.

This study reports the development and characterization of chitosan-based nanoparticles (CTS-NPs) for the co-delivery of clotrimazole (CLZ) and bioactive compounds derived from Enteromorpha prolifera (algal extract, AE) to enhance antifungal efficacy against drug-resistant Clavispora lusitaniae. The dual-loaded nanoparticles (CTS-CLZ-AE-NPs) exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 65 % for CLZ and 81 % for AE, with respective loading capacities of 13 % and 20.25 %. Structural and compositional analyses using FTIR and SEM confirmed successful encapsulation and notable morphological changes. GC–MS analysis identified key antimicrobial constituents in AE, including phenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acids. In vitro, antifungal assays demonstrated that CTS-CLZ-AE-NPs achieved the highest fungicidal activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL and an 85.99 % reduction in biofilm formation at 4 × MIC. SEM analysis further revealed significant morphological damage in treated fungal cells. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of CLZ and AE in a nanochitosan platform and underscore its promise as an effective alternative strategy against antifungal-resistant pathogens. Further in vivo evaluation is warranted to establish clinical applicability.

An efficient access to substituted tetrahydroquinolines, benzo[b]azepines, pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles, benzo[kl]acridines and pyrido[3,2,1-de]acridines in overall very good yields is described. The process involves Friedel–Crafts cyclizations of homo-and heterocyclic carboxylic acids 1a-e and alkanols 3a-e in the presence of AlCl3/CH3NO2 or TfOH (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) or polyphosphoric acid (PPA) under suitable reaction conditions. Starting carboxylic acids 1a-e were obtained from their literature procedures. Our simple strategy offers easy access to polycyclic-fused systems in short reaction times and in moderate to good yields.

Keywords: Friedel-Crafts cycliacylations; alkanols; pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazole; Grignard reactions;
benzo[kl]acridine

The geomechanical properties of the Silah field were measured to identify the various types of rocks in the area and to determine the economically valuable zones with good petrophysical properties. A suite of well logging data was interpreted to delineate the subsurface lithostratigraphic units and permeable reservoirs across the two drilled wells. The estimated geomechanical parameters (compressional sonic velocity, shear sonic velocity, acoustic impedance, and Poisson's ratio) and certain petrophysical parameters (porosity and shale volume) were computed using empirical relations. This study aims to characterize and evaluate the sedimentary rock units of the field to delineate potential hydrocarbon reservoir formations based on their geomechanical and petrophysical properties. The well logging data interpretation and geomechanical properties analysis reveal that the subsurface lithostratigraphy comprises four types of lithology: sand, carbonate (limestone and dolomite), siltstone, and shale, interbedded. The main interesting reservoirs are in the Kharita, Bahariya, and Abu Roash (G and F members). The different constructed geomechanical crossplots indicate that the main lithology consists of shaley sandstone to sandstone and carbonates, with the shale type varying from predominantly laminated to partly dispersed. The results show that Larionov shale volume values (9.6% to 32%), total porosity ranged 10% to 26%, the compressional to shear wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) ranges from 1.58 to 1.912, and Poisson’s ratio values vary from 0.171 to 0.306. Also, the effective porosity ranges from 3.7%- 19.3%. There is a substantial bed of shale beneath and above these zones, which serves as a possible source and/or seal rock.