Beni Suef Basin has a promising prospect for hydrocarbon
production in the Egyptian Western Desert, so it has been given
priority in exploration plans. Geochemically determined TOC data
are expensive and are usually obtained from limited samples as in the
Beni Suef Basin. Thus, geophysical methods will be used to provide
a cost effective continuum of organic richness and maturation data of
the latest Cenomanian "G" and the Turonian "F" members of the Abu
Roash Formation in the Azhar E-2X well. An attempt was made to
differentiate between total organic carbon (TOC) content of kerogen
in potential source intervals and TOC content in hydrocarbon bearing
reservoir intervals using the Δ log R technique and the gas
chromatography data (Gas wetness ratio: GWR%, Light to heavy
hydrocarbon ratio: LHR%, Oil character qualifier: OCQ). In the
source rock intervals, a good match between the geochemically
determined TOC and log-derived TOC data was found, where the
later TOC data reliably determined the organic richness.
Additionally, the geophysically estimated maturation index (MI)
values were calibrated with the geochemical Tmax data. A
continuum of MI data successfully provided a reliable assessment of
thermal maturation of source rock intervals. Conversely, in gas
bearing reservoir intervals, both the log-derived TOC and MI data
were hampered by the gas effect. Meticulous distinction between
reservoir and source intervals in unconventional source rocks having
intraformational reservoir interbeds is necessary to determine
correctly the organic richness and maturation of these source rocks.

Integration of facies analysis with organic microfossils (mainly dinoflagellate cysts) provides insights into the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the onshore part of the Douala sub-basin of Cameroon. Nine lithofacies were identified, grouped in three main facies agglomerate/conglomerates, sands/sandstones and clay facies were identified. These facies reflect periodic proximal to distal sediment inputs, under changing water level, most likely controlled by climate and tectonics. The recovered dinoflagellate cysts were essentially composed of Cerodinium granulostriatum, Glaphyrocysta microfenestrata, Lejeunecysta sp. and Senegalinium laevigatum, along with Longapertites marginatus, Spinizonocolpites echinatus and Spini- zonocolpites baculatus as significant terrestrial pollen. The dinoflagellate cysts were indicative of a shallow marine environment, affected by freshwater influx, under fluctuating dysoxic-anoxic, suboxic-anoxic and oxic states. These paleoenvironmental characteristics are consistent with the Upper Cretaceous sedimen- tary cycle of the Douala sub-basin, which terminated during the Maastrichtian, with a rapid and differen- tial marine regression. The recovered organic-walled palynomorphs were a powerful biostratigraphic tool in the correlation of Campanian-Maastrichtian in the area and surroundings.

Palynological organic matter (POM) of the Neogene succession from the Sidi Salim-1 well, located in the onshore Nile Delta, Egypt (Eastern Mediterranean), suggests a wide range of environments, from deltaic to offshore marine. These environments were discriminated by the overall palynofacies composition, including indicative dinoflagellate cysts, mainly Spiniferites and Selenopemphix. Near-shore marine environment was interpreted for the Middle Miocene (Langhian–Serravallian) Sidi Salim Formation. Deltaic to shallow marine environments were suggested for the Qawasim (Miocene) and Kafr El Sheikh (Pliocene) formations, while the distant (offshore) marine setting was established in the Pliocene Abu Madi Formation. This deeper environment, of the Abu Madi Formation, can be used to confirm a previous documentation of an Early Pliocene progressive drowning of an incised valley, related to the Messinian Salinity Crises (MSC) events, by the late Messinian sea level drop in the Mediterranean. Suboxic to anoxic conditions existed during deposition of the investigated well succession. Anoxia was confirmed by the occurrence of imprints of pyrite crystals across much of the well succession. The occurrence of abundant Poaceae pollen may suggest widespread dry grassland vegetation during deposition of the Neogene sedi-ments of the well. In a regional context, the Neogene environments in the Nile Delta area vary according to the relative position of the investigated sediments, due to structural, palaeogeographic and basinal settings. The recovered palynofacies fluctuated between amorphous organic matter (AOM)-dominated and phytoclast-dominated categories, mostly of the kerogen type II, which is capable of producing oil and gas. The visual assessment of the spore coloration index (SCI) of thin-walled trilete spores in the well section, shows values ranging between 5 and 8, confirming a thermallymatureorganicmatterand,consequently,canbepotentialsourcerocks.©2025ElsevierB.V.andNanjingInstituteofGeologyandPalaeontology,CAS.Allrightsarereserved,includingthosefortextanddatamining,
AI training, and similar technologies.

The gas chromatograms of the n-alkanes of the investigated Tineh Formation (Oligocene) show a dominance of short-chain n-alkanes with a slight admixture of medium-chain n-alkane components. They indicate the dominance of algae, microorganisms, Sphagnum moss and aquatic macrophytes. The low wax content (average 0.77), the low TAR value (0.01) and the high Paq value (average 0.91) show that submerged and floating seagrasses predominate over higher woody vascular plants in the studied formation. The redox potential based on the ratios of Pr/Ph (average 0.67) and Ph/n-C18 (average 0.32) of the Tineh samples indicates that an anoxic and dysoxic aquatic marine medium prevailed during the accumulation and preservation of OM. The low value of the ACL proxy (average 26.36) can also be attributed to the dominance of seagrass over woody plants, which took place in a relatively cool paleoclimate. The CPI shows an average value of about one (1.04), with two samples showing a value of less than one (samples C and D), which emphasizes the margin and the entry of the Tineh Formation into the main stage of maturation.

M. Ward and R.P. Dilworth were the first to describe the commutative residuated lattices as a generalization of ideal ring lattices. Complete studies on residuated lattices were developed by H. Ono, T. Kowalski, P. Jipsen and C. Tsinakis. Furthermore, Y. Xu is credited with the invention of lattice implication algebra. The aim of the paper was to link up the structures used in foundations of quantum logic and arising in many-valued reasoning. It is shown that implication algebra with unity can be described as residuated lattice.