The main aim of the present study was to obtain a basic knowledge of the hematology and biochemistry of the Red Sea seabream Diplodus noct. The samples were collected from the Red sea at Hurghada, Egypt. Baseline values for hematological parameters including Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV) and biochemical parameters including AST, ALT, glucose, total protein and urea were established. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes and three types of leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils, were distinguished, characterized and measured. The morphological and cytochemical aspects of peripheral blood cells of Diplodus noct were studied by light microscopy. This investigation may be helpful as a tool to monitor the health status of Diplodus noct and will grant early detection of clinical pathology.

Aims: This study aimed to examine the developmental changes in external morphology characters for some embryonic larval period of Bufo regularis from River Nile, Assuit, Egypt. Methods: Our experiment started when tadpoles began to feed. The adapted embryos were divided into three large tanks, each with 200 embryos. Collecting of samples started from feeding age every three days until end of metamorphosis (the absorption of tail). External measurements of the early developmental stages including body height (BH), body width (BW), eye diameter (ED), forelimb length (FLL), head-body length (H-BL), hind limb length (HLL), internarial distance (IND), interorbital distance (IOD), nostril diameter (ND), distance between nariel and orbital (NOD), tail length (TAL), tail height (TH), total length (TL), tail muscle height (TMH) and body weight (BWE) were recorded. Results: The morphological description reported for each stage indicated many differences between the different developmental stages. Conclusion: This study may be considered as morphological key for the different developmental stages of the Egyptian toad tadpoles (Bufo regularis).

Aims: This study aimed to examine the developmental changes in external morphology characters for some embryonic larval period of Bufo regularis from River Nile, Assuit, Egypt. Methods: Our experiment started when tadpoles began to feed. The adapted embryos were divided into three large tanks, each with 200 embryos. Collecting of samples started from feeding age every three days until end of metamorphosis (the absorption of tail). External measurements of the early developmental stages including body height (BH), body width (BW), eye diameter (ED), forelimb length (FLL), head-body length (H-BL), hind limb length (HLL), internarial distance (IND), interorbital distance (IOD), nostril diameter (ND), distance between nariel and orbital (NOD), tail length (TAL), tail height (TH), total length (TL), tail muscle height (TMH) and body weight (BWE) were recorded. Results: The morphological description reported for each stage indicated many differences between the different developmental stages. Conclusion: This study may be considered as morphological key for the different developmental stages of the Egyptian toad tadpoles (Bufo regularis).

Herein, we synthesized some ultra small silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and palladium nanoclusters (PdNCs) protected by L-glutathione (L-GSH) reduced ligand to study their antimicrobial properties in the visible and dark conditions. These clusters can be dissolved, dried, and redissolved in water without suffering from any agglomeration or degradation. The particles sizes of the synthesized nanoclusters were around 1 nm, which investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optical properties of the synthesized nanoclusters were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. Agn(SG)m clusters exhibited two plasmon peaks in the visible region at 478 and 641 nm. However, Pdn(SG)m clusters showed a steep rise absorption in the short wavelength range of the spectrum and featureless in the visible region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was measured for the free ligand and protected clusters Agn(SG)m and Pdn(SG)m. Compared with palladium nanoclusters (in vitro), silver nanoclusters exhibited higher biocidal activity (MIC). The influence of silver and palladium nanoclusters (0.0, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 8.0 mg/l) on soil fungal community density was investigated under dark and light condition. Interestingly, silver NPs were more effective than palladium nanoclusters. Moreover, silver NPs were more effective in light than in the dark. However, palladium nanoclusters showed more or less similar effect under both contrasting conditions. This might be attributed to the disappearance of the plasmonic effect of palladium clusters in the UV–vis region. The novelty of our method is due to using ligand (L-GSH) as a capping agent with palladium. Besides, L-glutathione is considered as a part of the microbial system to detoxify metals. This guarantees the safety of the synthesized nanoparticles to be applied commercially than the naked isotopes. These nanoclusters could be considered a basic unit for medicine industry such as drug delivery tools or applied in paints industry (antimicrobial agents).

Herein, we synthesized some ultra small silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and palladium nanoclusters (PdNCs) protected by L-glutathione (L-GSH) reduced ligand to study their antimicrobial properties in the visible and dark conditions. These clusters can be dissolved, dried, and redissolved in water without suffering from any agglomeration or degradation. The particles sizes of the synthesized nanoclusters were around 1 nm, which investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optical properties of the synthesized nanoclusters were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. Agn(SG)m clusters exhibited two plasmon peaks in the visible region at 478 and 641 nm. However, Pdn(SG)m clusters showed a steep rise absorption in the short wavelength range of the spectrum and featureless in the visible region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was measured for the free ligand and protected clusters Agn(SG)m and Pdn(SG)m. Compared with palladium nanoclusters (in vitro), silver nanoclusters exhibited higher biocidal activity (MIC). The influence of silver and palladium nanoclusters (0.0, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 8.0 mg/l) on soil fungal community density was investigated under dark and light condition. Interestingly, silver NPs were more effective than palladium nanoclusters. Moreover, silver NPs were more effective in light than in the dark. However, palladium nanoclusters showed more or less similar effect under both contrasting conditions. This might be attributed to the disappearance of the plasmonic effect of palladium clusters in the UV–vis region. The novelty of our method is due to using ligand (L-GSH) as a capping agent with palladium. Besides, L-glutathione is considered as a part of the microbial system to detoxify metals. This guarantees the safety of the synthesized nanoparticles to be applied commercially than the naked isotopes. These nanoclusters could be considered a basic unit for medicine industry such as drug delivery tools or applied in paints industry (antimicrobial agents).

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