Boron (B) toxicity often limits crop yield and the quality of production in agricultural areas. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) on development of B toxicity, B allocation in canola (Brassica napus cultivar Sarw 4) and its role in non-enzymatic antioxidants in relation to yield of this cultivar under B toxicity. Canola seedlings were subjected to four B levels induced by boric acid in the absence or presence of Ca, Si and SA. The results showed that Ca, Si and SA addition ameliorated the inhibition in canola growth, water content (WC), and improved siliqua number, siliqua weight and seed index. The B content in shoots and roots and total B accumulation in the whole plant were increased in control plants under B-toxicity-stress, and these parameters were significantly decreased by addition of Ca, Si and SA. The shoot ascorbate pool (ascorbate, AsA, and dehydroascorbate, DHA), α-tocopherol and phenolics (free and bound) were increased under B toxicity, and were significantly decreased in most cases by addition of Ca, Si and SA, except α-tocopherol, which increased at low B levels (0, 25 and 50 mg kg soil−1). The glutathione content did not obviously change by B stress, while added Ca, Si and SA inhibited its accumulation under B stress. In addition, B toxicity reduced the shoot flavonoids content; however, this reduction was not alleviated by the use of Ca, Si and SA treatments. It could be concluded that growth and yield of canola plants grown under high B concentration improved after external application of Ca, Si or SA.

Boron (B) toxicity often limits crop yield and the quality of production in agricultural areas. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) on development of B toxicity, B allocation in canola (Brassica napus cultivar Sarw 4) and its role in non-enzymatic antioxidants in relation to yield of this cultivar under B toxicity. Canola seedlings were subjected to four B levels induced by boric acid in the absence or presence of Ca, Si and SA. The results showed that Ca, Si and SA addition ameliorated the inhibition in canola growth, water content (WC), and improved siliqua number, siliqua weight and seed index. The B content in shoots and roots and total B accumulation in the whole plant were increased in control plants under B-toxicity-stress, and these parameters were significantly decreased by addition of Ca, Si and SA. The shoot ascorbate pool (ascorbate, AsA, and dehydroascorbate, DHA), α-tocopherol and phenolics (free and bound) were increased under B toxicity, and were significantly decreased in most cases by addition of Ca, Si and SA, except α-tocopherol, which increased at low B levels (0, 25 and 50 mg kg soil−1). The glutathione content did not obviously change by B stress, while added Ca, Si and SA inhibited its accumulation under B stress. In addition, B toxicity reduced the shoot flavonoids content; however, this reduction was not alleviated by the use of Ca, Si and SA treatments. It could be concluded that growth and yield of canola plants grown under high B concentration improved after external application of Ca, Si or SA.

Boron (B) toxicity often limits crop yield and the quality of production in agricultural areas. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) on development of B toxicity, B allocation in canola (Brassica napus cultivar Sarw 4) and its role in non-enzymatic antioxidants in relation to yield of this cultivar under B toxicity. Canola seedlings were subjected to four B levels induced by boric acid in the absence or presence of Ca, Si and SA. The results showed that Ca, Si and SA addition ameliorated the inhibition in canola growth, water content (WC), and improved siliqua number, siliqua weight and seed index. The B content in shoots and roots and total B accumulation in the whole plant were increased in control plants under B-toxicity-stress, and these parameters were significantly decreased by addition of Ca, Si and SA. The shoot ascorbate pool (ascorbate, AsA, and dehydroascorbate, DHA), α-tocopherol and phenolics (free and bound) were increased under B toxicity, and were significantly decreased in most cases by addition of Ca, Si and SA, except α-tocopherol, which increased at low B levels (0, 25 and 50 mg kg soil−1). The glutathione content did not obviously change by B stress, while added Ca, Si and SA inhibited its accumulation under B stress. In addition, B toxicity reduced the shoot flavonoids content; however, this reduction was not alleviated by the use of Ca, Si and SA treatments. It could be concluded that growth and yield of canola plants grown under high B concentration improved after external application of Ca, Si or SA.

Soil salinity and sodicity (alkalinity) are serious land degradation issues worldwide that are predicted to
increase in the future. The objective of the present study is to distinguish the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3
salinity in two concentrations on the growth, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, membrane integrity, total
lipids, yield parameters and fatty acids (FAs) composition of seeds of sunflower cultivar Sakha 53. Plant
growth, LOX activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced by salts stresses. On the contrary,
salinity and alkalinity stress induced stimulatory effects on membrane permeability, leakage of
UV-metabolites from leaves and total lipids of sunflower shoots and roots. Crop yield (plant height, head
diameter, seed index and number of seeds for each head) that is known as a hallmark of plant stress was
decreased by increasing concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 in the growth media. Fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) composition of salt-stressed sunflower seeds varied with different levels of NaCl and Na2CO3.

Soil salinity and sodicity (alkalinity) are serious land degradation issues worldwide that are predicted to
increase in the future. The objective of the present study is to distinguish the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3
salinity in two concentrations on the growth, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, membrane integrity, total
lipids, yield parameters and fatty acids (FAs) composition of seeds of sunflower cultivar Sakha 53. Plant
growth, LOX activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced by salts stresses. On the contrary,
salinity and alkalinity stress induced stimulatory effects on membrane permeability, leakage of
UV-metabolites from leaves and total lipids of sunflower shoots and roots. Crop yield (plant height, head
diameter, seed index and number of seeds for each head) that is known as a hallmark of plant stress was
decreased by increasing concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 in the growth media. Fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) composition of salt-stressed sunflower seeds varied with different levels of NaCl and Na2CO3.

Soil salinity and sodicity (alkalinity) are serious land degradation issues worldwide that are predicted to
increase in the future. The objective of the present study is to distinguish the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3
salinity in two concentrations on the growth, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, membrane integrity, total
lipids, yield parameters and fatty acids (FAs) composition of seeds of sunflower cultivar Sakha 53. Plant
growth, LOX activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced by salts stresses. On the contrary,
salinity and alkalinity stress induced stimulatory effects on membrane permeability, leakage of
UV-metabolites from leaves and total lipids of sunflower shoots and roots. Crop yield (plant height, head
diameter, seed index and number of seeds for each head) that is known as a hallmark of plant stress was
decreased by increasing concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 in the growth media. Fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) composition of salt-stressed sunflower seeds varied with different levels of NaCl and Na2CO3.

Soil salinity and sodicity (alkalinity) are serious land degradation issues worldwide that are predicted to
increase in the future. The objective of the present study is to distinguish the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3
salinity in two concentrations on the growth, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, membrane integrity, total
lipids, yield parameters and fatty acids (FAs) composition of seeds of sunflower cultivar Sakha 53. Plant
growth, LOX activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced by salts stresses. On the contrary,
salinity and alkalinity stress induced stimulatory effects on membrane permeability, leakage of
UV-metabolites from leaves and total lipids of sunflower shoots and roots. Crop yield (plant height, head
diameter, seed index and number of seeds for each head) that is known as a hallmark of plant stress was
decreased by increasing concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 in the growth media. Fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) composition of salt-stressed sunflower seeds varied with different levels of NaCl and Na2CO3.

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A novel fluorescence sensing 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore is synthesized and investigated. The novel probe comprising two different binding moieties is capable to detect selectively Fe3+ over the other representative metal ions as well as a combination of biologically important cations such as Fe3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the physiological range without an interfering effect of the pHs. Due to the remarkable fluorescence changes in the presence of Fe3+, Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions, INH and AND logic gates are executed and the system is able to act as a single output combinatorial logic circuit with three chemical inputs.