This study intended to determine the ability of endophytic bacteria recovered from root nodules of Cicer arietinum L. and
Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) plants to synthesize exopolysaccharide (EPS) and to enhance the production by changing
nutritional factors. Twenty endophytic bacteria isolated from root nodules of Cicer arietinum and Vigna unguiculata were
tested for their production of EPS. High EPS-producing isolates were identified on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.
Among 20 isolates, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (C6) and Brevibacillus parabrevis (V4) isolated from root nodules of
Cicer arietinum and Vigna unguiculata produced a high EPS yield in comparison with other isolates. Using 1% of sucrose
as sole carbon source increases the concentration of EPS produced by S. maltophilia and B. parabrevis (65 and 107%,
respectively). EPS produced by S. maltophilia and B. parabrevis was increased by the addition of fructose and lactose
(0.1%). Addition of 1.68 g/L KNO3
or 2.49 g/L glycine to modified yeast extract mannitol medium (YEMB) significantly
increased EPS production by S. maltophilia and B. parabrevis. Furthermore, the presence of Fe3O4
nanoparticles (25–50 μg/
mL) in the modified YEMB medium increased EPS yield by B. parabrevis. Chemical characterization of EPS by GC–MS
and FTIR indicate that the EPS biochemical composition is dependent on the bioavailability of carbon substrates and is
controlled by limiting nutrients. The combination of the best two carbon sources sucrose (0.9%) and fructose or lactose
(0.1%) in the presence of KNO3
or glycine as the best nitrogen sources significantly increased EPS yield of S. maltophilia
and B. parabrevis, respectively.

Mycoremediation is an on-site remediation strategy, which employs fungi to degrade or
sequester contaminants from the environment. The present work focused on the bioremediation
of soils contaminated with zinc by the use of a native mycorrhizal fungi (AM) called
Funneliformis geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & SchuÈ ûler. Experiments were performed
using Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gemmeza-10 at different concentrations of Zn (50, 100, 200
mg kg-1) and inoculated with or without F. geosporum. The results showed that the dry
weight of mycorrhizal wheat increased at Zn stressed plants as compared to the non-Znstressed
control plants. The concentrations of Zn also had an inhibitory effect on the yield
of dry root and shoot of non-mycorrhizal wheat. The photosynthetic pigment fractions were
significantly affected by Zn treatments and mycorrhizal inoculation, where in all treatments,
the content of the photosynthetic pigment fractions decreased as the Zn concentration
increased in the soil. However, the level of minerals of shoots, roots, and grains was greatly
influenced by Zn-treatment and by inoculation with F. geosporum. Treatment with Zn in the
soil increased Cu and Zn concentrations in the root, shoot and grains, however, other minerals
(P, S, K, Ca and Fe) concentration was decreased. Inoculation of wheat with AM fungi
significantly reduced the accumulation of Zn and depressed its translocation in shoots and
grains of wheat. In conclusion, inoculation with a native F. geosporum-improves yields of
wheat under higher levels of Zn and is possible to be applied for the improvement of zinc
contaminated soil.

Ethyl 4,6-dimethyl-3-(pyrrol-1-yl) selenolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate
(2) was synthesized by the reaction of previously prepared ethyl
3-amino-4,6-dimethyl selenolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (1) with
2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in acetic acid. The pyrrolyl ester (2) was
converted into the corresponding carbohydrazide 3 which reacted
with acetyl acetone, aromatic aldehydes, carbon disulfide in pyridine,
and sodium nitrite to afford the corresponding dimethyl pyrazolyl 4,
arylidene carbohydrazides 5a–d, oxadiazolyl thiole 6, and caboazide
compound 8, respectively. The carboazide 8 reacted with different
alcohols and amines to give the corresponding carbamates 9a–c and
the aryl urea derivatives 10a–d. Heating of carboazide 8 in dry xylene
afforded the pyridoselenolo-pyrrolopyrazinone 11. The latter
compound was used as a versatile starting precursor for synthesis of
other pyridoselenolo-pyrrolopyrazine compounds. The newly synthesized
compounds and their derivatives were characterized by
elemental analysis and spectroscopy (IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectra).
Some of the newly synthesized pyrrolyl selenolopyridine compounds
showed remarkable antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid

Ethyl 4,6-dimethyl-3-(pyrrol-1-yl) selenolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate
(2) was synthesized by the reaction of previously prepared ethyl
3-amino-4,6-dimethyl selenolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (1) with
2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in acetic acid. The pyrrolyl ester (2) was
converted into the corresponding carbohydrazide 3 which reacted
with acetyl acetone, aromatic aldehydes, carbon disulfide in pyridine,
and sodium nitrite to afford the corresponding dimethyl pyrazolyl 4,
arylidene carbohydrazides 5a–d, oxadiazolyl thiole 6, and caboazide
compound 8, respectively. The carboazide 8 reacted with different
alcohols and amines to give the corresponding carbamates 9a–c and
the aryl urea derivatives 10a–d. Heating of carboazide 8 in dry xylene
afforded the pyridoselenolo-pyrrolopyrazinone 11. The latter
compound was used as a versatile starting precursor for synthesis of
other pyridoselenolo-pyrrolopyrazine compounds. The newly synthesized
compounds and their derivatives were characterized by
elemental analysis and spectroscopy (IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectra).
Some of the newly synthesized pyrrolyl selenolopyridine compounds
showed remarkable antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid

Acetylation of 1-amino-5-morpholin-4-yl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-phenyl carboxamide
3 afforded the corresponding tetrahydro[1,3]oxazinothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolinone compound
4. The oxazinone compound 4 underwent nucleophilic substitution reactions with various
primary aliphatic and aromatic amines including some sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine,
and sulfathiazole to afford the substituted pyrimidinone compounds 6–10. Chlorination of
the pyrimidinone 10 with phosphorus oxychloride yielded the chloropyrimidine derivative 11. The
latter compound was used as a versatile precursor for the synthesis of other heterocyclic rings containing
the tetrahydropyrimidothienoisoquinoline moiety 12–23 through reaction with a variety of
organic reagents. The newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by elemental and
spectral analyses, including melting point, TLC, and FT IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as
13C NMR and mass spectroscopy for most of them. These molecules should allow to us in the
future to investigate their pharmacological activities

Acetylation of 1-amino-5-morpholin-4-yl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-phenyl carboxamide
3 afforded the corresponding tetrahydro[1,3]oxazinothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolinone compound
4. The oxazinone compound 4 underwent nucleophilic substitution reactions with various
primary aliphatic and aromatic amines including some sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine,
and sulfathiazole to afford the substituted pyrimidinone compounds 6–10. Chlorination of
the pyrimidinone 10 with phosphorus oxychloride yielded the chloropyrimidine derivative 11. The
latter compound was used as a versatile precursor for the synthesis of other heterocyclic rings containing
the tetrahydropyrimidothienoisoquinoline moiety 12–23 through reaction with a variety of
organic reagents. The newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by elemental and
spectral analyses, including melting point, TLC, and FT IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as
13C NMR and mass spectroscopy for most of them. These molecules should allow to us in the
future to investigate their pharmacological activities

Acetylation of 1-amino-5-morpholin-4-yl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-phenyl carboxamide
3 afforded the corresponding tetrahydro[1,3]oxazinothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolinone compound
4. The oxazinone compound 4 underwent nucleophilic substitution reactions with various
primary aliphatic and aromatic amines including some sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine,
and sulfathiazole to afford the substituted pyrimidinone compounds 6–10. Chlorination of
the pyrimidinone 10 with phosphorus oxychloride yielded the chloropyrimidine derivative 11. The
latter compound was used as a versatile precursor for the synthesis of other heterocyclic rings containing
the tetrahydropyrimidothienoisoquinoline moiety 12–23 through reaction with a variety of
organic reagents. The newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by elemental and
spectral analyses, including melting point, TLC, and FT IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as
13C NMR and mass spectroscopy for most of them. These molecules should allow to us in the
future to investigate their pharmacological activities

A series of novel 6-functionalized-5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-furo
[3,2-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines (4a–c) was synthesized by the reaction
of 3-methyl-6-oxo-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5-
carbonitrile (2) with α-halocarbonyl compounds such as: diethyl
2-bromomalonate, phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone. Cyclocondensation
of the amino benzoyl 4b with diethyl malonate yielded the
oxopyridine carboxylate derivative 5. Also, the starting intermediate
amino ester compound 4a was allowed to react with ethanol amine
to afford the hydroxyethyl caboxamide derivative 6. Furthermore,
hydrazinolysis of the amino ester 4a afforded the corresponding
amino carbohydrazide 7 which was used as a versatile precursor for
synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds attached or fused to the
furopyrazolopyrazine moiety. The chemical structures of the newly
synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental
and spectral analyses containing FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass
spectrometry hoping these molecules should allow us to investigate
their pharmacological activities in the future study.

A series of novel 6-functionalized-5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-furo
[3,2-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines (4a–c) was synthesized by the reaction
of 3-methyl-6-oxo-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5-
carbonitrile (2) with α-halocarbonyl compounds such as: diethyl
2-bromomalonate, phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone. Cyclocondensation
of the amino benzoyl 4b with diethyl malonate yielded the
oxopyridine carboxylate derivative 5. Also, the starting intermediate
amino ester compound 4a was allowed to react with ethanol amine
to afford the hydroxyethyl caboxamide derivative 6. Furthermore,
hydrazinolysis of the amino ester 4a afforded the corresponding
amino carbohydrazide 7 which was used as a versatile precursor for
synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds attached or fused to the
furopyrazolopyrazine moiety. The chemical structures of the newly
synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental
and spectral analyses containing FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass
spectrometry hoping these molecules should allow us to investigate
their pharmacological activities in the future study.

A series of novel 6-functionalized-5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-furo
[3,2-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines (4a–c) was synthesized by the reaction
of 3-methyl-6-oxo-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5-
carbonitrile (2) with α-halocarbonyl compounds such as: diethyl
2-bromomalonate, phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone. Cyclocondensation
of the amino benzoyl 4b with diethyl malonate yielded the
oxopyridine carboxylate derivative 5. Also, the starting intermediate
amino ester compound 4a was allowed to react with ethanol amine
to afford the hydroxyethyl caboxamide derivative 6. Furthermore,
hydrazinolysis of the amino ester 4a afforded the corresponding
amino carbohydrazide 7 which was used as a versatile precursor for
synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds attached or fused to the
furopyrazolopyrazine moiety. The chemical structures of the newly
synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental
and spectral analyses containing FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass
spectrometry hoping these molecules should allow us to investigate
their pharmacological activities in the future study.