The screening of potential antioxidant activities of hydrophobic (ethyl acetate) and hydrophilic (polysaccharide) extracts from both mycelia and fermentation media of eleven algicolous fungi was performed using three antioxidant assays. Algicolous fungi were able to ferment low-cost nutrients composed of potato infusion, glucose, and natural seawater and produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites with antioxidant properties. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using total antioxidant activity (TAA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as their total sugar contents (TSC) of hydrophilic extracts and total phenolic contents (TPC) of hydrophobic extracts. TSC of endopolysaccharides was higher than exopolysaccharides and showed a significant correlation with both TAA and FRAP. Most of mycelial extracts were richer in phenolics than fermentation media, and TPC of hydrophobic extracts was significantly correlated with their FRAP. Mycelial extracts for most of algicolous fungi showed higher antioxidant activities than fermentation media. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic extracts of algicolous fungi showed good antioxidant properties, especially as hydrogen-donating antioxidants, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food production, or cosmetic industry.

The screening of potential antioxidant activities of hydrophobic (ethyl acetate) and hydrophilic (polysaccharide) extracts from both mycelia and fermentation media of eleven algicolous fungi was performed using three antioxidant assays. Algicolous fungi were able to ferment low-cost nutrients composed of potato infusion, glucose, and natural seawater and produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites with antioxidant properties. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using total antioxidant activity (TAA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as their total sugar contents (TSC) of hydrophilic extracts and total phenolic contents (TPC) of hydrophobic extracts. TSC of endopolysaccharides was higher than exopolysaccharides and showed a significant correlation with both TAA and FRAP. Most of mycelial extracts were richer in phenolics than fermentation media, and TPC of hydrophobic extracts was significantly correlated with their FRAP. Mycelial extracts for most of algicolous fungi showed higher antioxidant activities than fermentation media. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic extracts of algicolous fungi showed good antioxidant properties, especially as hydrogen-donating antioxidants, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food production, or cosmetic industry.

Agarase is a promising biocatalyst that catalyze the hydrolysis of agar or agarose and produce oligosaccharides with several biotechnological applications. Agarase production by Dendryphiella arenaria was optimized using a natural low-cost medium composed of the red alga Palisada perforata and natural seawater. The results showed that seaweed biomass and seawater concentrations were the most important factors influencing agarase production. After optimization, the agarase activity was enhanced to 2.5 ± 0.3 U/mL. The crude agarase exhibited a wide pH (4‒10) stability with residual activity more than 75%. The enzyme showed high thermostability at 40 °C, and a moderate thermostability at 50, 60, 70 °C. Several parameters of thermal inactivation kinetics and thermodynamics were calculated, and suggested that the enzyme would be thermostable. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali extracted polysaccharides from the red macroalgal biomass was also optimized with respect to substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and temperature and proceeded optimally at 0.15% substrate, 40 °C with enzyme dosage 0.9 mL/mL substrate. Under these conditions, the enzymatic saccharification yielded 647.96 mg reducing sugars/g substrate. This study therefore describes an improved, effective, and low-cost process for agarase and fermentable sugar production from seaweed biomass.

Agarase is a promising biocatalyst that catalyze the hydrolysis of agar or agarose and produce oligosaccharides with several biotechnological applications. Agarase production by Dendryphiella arenaria was optimized using a natural low-cost medium composed of the red alga Palisada perforata and natural seawater. The results showed that seaweed biomass and seawater concentrations were the most important factors influencing agarase production. After optimization, the agarase activity was enhanced to 2.5 ± 0.3 U/mL. The crude agarase exhibited a wide pH (4‒10) stability with residual activity more than 75%. The enzyme showed high thermostability at 40 °C, and a moderate thermostability at 50, 60, 70 °C. Several parameters of thermal inactivation kinetics and thermodynamics were calculated, and suggested that the enzyme would be thermostable. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali extracted polysaccharides from the red macroalgal biomass was also optimized with respect to substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and temperature and proceeded optimally at 0.15% substrate, 40 °C with enzyme dosage 0.9 mL/mL substrate. Under these conditions, the enzymatic saccharification yielded 647.96 mg reducing sugars/g substrate. This study therefore describes an improved, effective, and low-cost process for agarase and fermentable sugar production from seaweed biomass.

Agarase is a promising biocatalyst that catalyze the hydrolysis of agar or agarose and produce oligosaccharides with several biotechnological applications. Agarase production by Dendryphiella arenaria was optimized using a natural low-cost medium composed of the red alga Palisada perforata and natural seawater. The results showed that seaweed biomass and seawater concentrations were the most important factors influencing agarase production. After optimization, the agarase activity was enhanced to 2.5 ± 0.3 U/mL. The crude agarase exhibited a wide pH (4‒10) stability with residual activity more than 75%. The enzyme showed high thermostability at 40 °C, and a moderate thermostability at 50, 60, 70 °C. Several parameters of thermal inactivation kinetics and thermodynamics were calculated, and suggested that the enzyme would be thermostable. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali extracted polysaccharides from the red macroalgal biomass was also optimized with respect to substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and temperature and proceeded optimally at 0.15% substrate, 40 °C with enzyme dosage 0.9 mL/mL substrate. Under these conditions, the enzymatic saccharification yielded 647.96 mg reducing sugars/g substrate. This study therefore describes an improved, effective, and low-cost process for agarase and fermentable sugar production from seaweed biomass.

Agarase is a promising biocatalyst that catalyze the hydrolysis of agar or agarose and produce oligosaccharides with several biotechnological applications. Agarase production by Dendryphiella arenaria was optimized using a natural low-cost medium composed of the red alga Palisada perforata and natural seawater. The results showed that seaweed biomass and seawater concentrations were the most important factors influencing agarase production. After optimization, the agarase activity was enhanced to 2.5 ± 0.3 U/mL. The crude agarase exhibited a wide pH (4‒10) stability with residual activity more than 75%. The enzyme showed high thermostability at 40 °C, and a moderate thermostability at 50, 60, 70 °C. Several parameters of thermal inactivation kinetics and thermodynamics were calculated, and suggested that the enzyme would be thermostable. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali extracted polysaccharides from the red macroalgal biomass was also optimized with respect to substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and temperature and proceeded optimally at 0.15% substrate, 40 °C with enzyme dosage 0.9 mL/mL substrate. Under these conditions, the enzymatic saccharification yielded 647.96 mg reducing sugars/g substrate. This study therefore describes an improved, effective, and low-cost process for agarase and fermentable sugar production from seaweed biomass.

Alginate and fucoidan extracted from the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium and chitosan derived
from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger were used for the development of edible films with natural
antioxidant properties. The incorporation of fucoidan and/or Ca2þ into the alginate-chitosan films
decreased water solubility, but increased film thickness, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability.
The developed films showed good barrier properties against ultraviolet light. The interactions
between film components were investigated using FTIR analysis which confirmed the presence of
hydrogen bonded interaction. Kinetics of moisture sorption and polyphenol release exhibited a good fit
to Peleg's model. Film moisture content at equilibrium was increased by fucoidan blending. Additionally,
the water vapor diffusion and polyphenol release were expressed in terms of effective diffusion coefficient
based on simplified Fick's second law. The developed films exhibited good antioxidant properties as
measured by total antioxidant assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity. Both film type and the type of the food simulant markedly affected the polyphenol release and
the subsequent antioxidant activity of the films.

Alginate and fucoidan extracted from the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium and chitosan derived
from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger were used for the development of edible films with natural
antioxidant properties. The incorporation of fucoidan and/or Ca2þ into the alginate-chitosan films
decreased water solubility, but increased film thickness, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability.
The developed films showed good barrier properties against ultraviolet light. The interactions
between film components were investigated using FTIR analysis which confirmed the presence of
hydrogen bonded interaction. Kinetics of moisture sorption and polyphenol release exhibited a good fit
to Peleg's model. Film moisture content at equilibrium was increased by fucoidan blending. Additionally,
the water vapor diffusion and polyphenol release were expressed in terms of effective diffusion coefficient
based on simplified Fick's second law. The developed films exhibited good antioxidant properties as
measured by total antioxidant assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity. Both film type and the type of the food simulant markedly affected the polyphenol release and
the subsequent antioxidant activity of the films.

Alginate and fucoidan extracted from the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium and chitosan derived
from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger were used for the development of edible films with natural
antioxidant properties. The incorporation of fucoidan and/or Ca2þ into the alginate-chitosan films
decreased water solubility, but increased film thickness, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability.
The developed films showed good barrier properties against ultraviolet light. The interactions
between film components were investigated using FTIR analysis which confirmed the presence of
hydrogen bonded interaction. Kinetics of moisture sorption and polyphenol release exhibited a good fit
to Peleg's model. Film moisture content at equilibrium was increased by fucoidan blending. Additionally,
the water vapor diffusion and polyphenol release were expressed in terms of effective diffusion coefficient
based on simplified Fick's second law. The developed films exhibited good antioxidant properties as
measured by total antioxidant assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity. Both film type and the type of the food simulant markedly affected the polyphenol release and
the subsequent antioxidant activity of the films.

Alginate and fucoidan extracted from the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium and chitosan derived
from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger were used for the development of edible films with natural
antioxidant properties. The incorporation of fucoidan and/or Ca2þ into the alginate-chitosan films
decreased water solubility, but increased film thickness, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability.
The developed films showed good barrier properties against ultraviolet light. The interactions
between film components were investigated using FTIR analysis which confirmed the presence of
hydrogen bonded interaction. Kinetics of moisture sorption and polyphenol release exhibited a good fit
to Peleg's model. Film moisture content at equilibrium was increased by fucoidan blending. Additionally,
the water vapor diffusion and polyphenol release were expressed in terms of effective diffusion coefficient
based on simplified Fick's second law. The developed films exhibited good antioxidant properties as
measured by total antioxidant assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity. Both film type and the type of the food simulant markedly affected the polyphenol release and
the subsequent antioxidant activity of the films.