Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that has a mysterious relationship with malaria infection. The current study was designated to compare between the effect of the live and the gamma irradiated Plasmodium chabaudi infection on BWF1 lupus murine model. A total of 30 female BWF1 mice were randomly divided into three groups (10 mice/group) as follows: group (I) lupus group (lupus non infected); group (II) live malaria infected group (lupus + live malaria infection); and group (III) irradiated malaria-infected group (lupus + gamma irradiated malaria infection). Live P. chabaudi infection was accompanied with a decrease in survival rate and food consumption in comparison to the control group of mice while gamma irradiated P. chabaudi -infection was unable to do this effect. Additionally, live P. chabaudi infection was accompanied with an increased level of proteinuria and increased rate of immune complexes deposition in kidney. Moreover, infection with live, but not gamma -irradiated P. chabaudi was accompanied with an increase in nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma of lupus mice. The levels of both total cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma of lupus mice after live P. chabaudi infection were obviously decreased in comparison to the control group. On the other hand, gamma-irradiated P. chabaudi infection was resembling the control group. Our data revealed that infection of lupus mice with live but not gamma-irradiated P. chabaudi has several histological and biochemical effects.

Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, filamentous and non-acid-fast actinobacteria that belongs to the family
streptomycetaceae and represents the largest genus of actinobacteria. It is common in various environments; soil,
composts, water (rivers and marine) and plants. The genus comprises more than 600 species with validated names. The
most interesting features of Streptomyces is its ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, such as
antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressant, and several others. The genus
produces over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin related to aminoglycosides, β-lactams,
macrolides and tetracyclines. The production of most antibiotics is species specific, and the species produce them to
compete with other microorganisms in the same habitats. In addition, these antibiotics protect the plant against microbial
pathogens. The objectives of the current review are to shed light on the genus Streptomyces; diversity, general features and
the role of this genus in production of highly valuable antimicrobial agents that commonly used in treatment of some
virulent pathogens.

The sensory properties of the simplest Probe-1 are reported. Probe-1 exhibits colorimetric and fluorimetric responses towards higher pHs. Also, a borate aqueous solution of Probe-1 (pH = 10) could to detect the presence of Cu2+ in aqueous solution with high selectivity and sensitivity (3 μM). The Probe-1/Cu2+ complex responses selectively towards the presence of S2−, H2PO4- and P2O74- through a de-metallization mechanism, resulting in a fluorescence enhancement of 143%, 97% and 134%, respectively. On the other hand, the Probe-1 absorbance increases significantly only by S2- (131%). Furthermore, Probe-1 executes many logic gates such as XOR, AND, INHIBIT, IMPLICATION, TRANSFER and NOT TRANSFER.

In this work I present a novel method to prepare ultra small bare gold clusters (Aun) loaded over different
supports. Size selected gold clusters protected by glutathione ligand (Au25(SG)18) was prepared and
deposited over aluminium dioxide (Al2O3 Puralox SCCa-190HPV) and anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) by
impregnation method with doping percentage 0.5 and 1 wt %. Then the doped catalysts were irradiated
1 h by microwave synthesis labstation at 80
C and 500 W to remove the glutathione ligands (GSH) and
leave the bare gold clusters (Au25) supported over alumina and titania as a strategy for enhancing their
catalytic activity and selectivity. The high resolution transmission electron microscope analysis
confirmed the particle size of protected (1 wt % Au25(SG)18/Al2O3) and bare (1 wt % Au25/Al2O3) gold
clusters over alumina have the same size distribution (~1 nm). The TEM images of doped gold clusters
over TiO2 before and after microwave treatment are clearer than alumina. This means the gold clusters
over alumina and titania did not suffer from any agglomeration by microwave treatment. From nitrogen
sorption isotherms at 196
C for the protected and bare gold clusters over supports showed two
different loop types of isotherms H3 and H1, respectively. Their specific surface area SBET, pore volume
and average pore diameter were calculated. The pore size distribution of supported gold clusters before
and after microwave treatment was measured. These results confirmed the ligands were removed from
the supported gold clusters by microwave treatment. The pores in alumina and titania which were
blocked by the protected clusters have become available. Reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) into 4-
aminophenol (4-AP) in presence of NaBH4 was used as a test reaction to compare the catalytic activity
of supported bare and protected gold clusters over alumina. The results showed that the 1 wt % Au25/
Al2O3 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance in the reduction of 4-NP into 4-AP and revealed
100% conversion following 90 s stirring at room temperature. The extreme catalytic activity of the ultra
small gold clusters attributed to their electronic properties and geometrical configuration.

NULL

Mass spectrometry (MS) has advanced the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
In the present chapter, applications of mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of
Alzheimer's disease were summarized. Mass spectrometry showed new exciting results,
offered high sensitivity (in the femtomolar range), showed high selectivity, has better
accuracy, offered high throughput, were extremely rapid (the entire process required
few minutes) and can be used for quantitative, qualitative and imaging. Recent mass
spectrometry techniques based on nanotechnologies replaced some of the classical MS
techniques. These new technologies improved the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Mass spectrometry covered wide range of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers such as
amyloid β, total tau protein (t-tau), α-synuclein, posttranslational modification
(phosphorylated tau protein, protein S-nitrosation (SNO), racemization, methylation,
chlorination and others) and metals ions. From the analytical point of view, mass
spectrometry offered detection of large number of biomarkers in a single test. Mass
* Corresponding author Hani Nasser Abdelhamid: Department of Chemistry, Assuit University,
Assuit, 71515, Egypt; Tel: 00201279744643; Fax: 0022342708; E-mail:
hany.abdelhameed@science.au.edu.eg, chemist.hani@yahoo.com, Hui-Fen Wu: 1Department of
Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Tel: 886752520003955; Fax: 88675253908;
E-mail: hwu@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw
Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.)
All rights reserved-© 2017 Bentham Science Publishers
4 Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders, Vol. 6 Abdelhamid and Wu
spectrometry has significantly advanced Alzheimer's diagnosis of living patient and
postmortal. Monitoring Alzheimer's biomarkers using MS is very promising for the
diagnosis in early stages of the disease. However, the proper interpretation of MS
profiling is critical and requires careful investigations. Furthermore, the identification
of the biomarkers using MS profile is affected by many key variables that have to be
considered during the analysis.

R-spondins (RSPOs) are secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins that belong to a superfamily of thrombospondin
type 1 repeat-containing proteins. RSPOs together with WNT proteins potentiate canonical WNT/β-catenin
signaling activity. Over the last several years, the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and functional
roles of RSPOs in many biological contexts has increased. Particularly, because a leucine-rich repeat containing
G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a stem cell marker originally identified as a marker for intestinal stem
cells, and two closely related proteins, LGR4 and LGR6, were identified as cognate receptors for RSPOs, significant research progress has been made in understanding the functional roles of RSPO/LGR signaling in stem
cell biology. Given the crucial roles of canonical WNT signaling in self-renewal and differentiation of various
types of stem cells, examination of RSPO function and underlying mechanism in these stem cells has provided
new insight into the regulatory roles of WNT signaling in stem cell behavior. In this review, we summarize and
discuss recent advances in the understanding of the signaling mechanism and roles of RSPOs in different stem
cell contexts.

The screening of potential antioxidant activities of hydrophobic (ethyl acetate) and hydrophilic (polysaccharide) extracts from both mycelia and fermentation media of eleven algicolous fungi was performed using three antioxidant assays. Algicolous fungi were able to ferment low-cost nutrients composed of potato infusion, glucose, and natural seawater and produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites with antioxidant properties. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using total antioxidant activity (TAA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as their total sugar contents (TSC) of hydrophilic extracts and total phenolic contents (TPC) of hydrophobic extracts. TSC of endopolysaccharides was higher than exopolysaccharides and showed a significant correlation with both TAA and FRAP. Most of mycelial extracts were richer in phenolics than fermentation media, and TPC of hydrophobic extracts was significantly correlated with their FRAP. Mycelial extracts for most of algicolous fungi showed higher antioxidant activities than fermentation media. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic extracts of algicolous fungi showed good antioxidant properties, especially as hydrogen-donating antioxidants, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food production, or cosmetic industry.

The screening of potential antioxidant activities of hydrophobic (ethyl acetate) and hydrophilic (polysaccharide) extracts from both mycelia and fermentation media of eleven algicolous fungi was performed using three antioxidant assays. Algicolous fungi were able to ferment low-cost nutrients composed of potato infusion, glucose, and natural seawater and produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites with antioxidant properties. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using total antioxidant activity (TAA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as their total sugar contents (TSC) of hydrophilic extracts and total phenolic contents (TPC) of hydrophobic extracts. TSC of endopolysaccharides was higher than exopolysaccharides and showed a significant correlation with both TAA and FRAP. Most of mycelial extracts were richer in phenolics than fermentation media, and TPC of hydrophobic extracts was significantly correlated with their FRAP. Mycelial extracts for most of algicolous fungi showed higher antioxidant activities than fermentation media. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic extracts of algicolous fungi showed good antioxidant properties, especially as hydrogen-donating antioxidants, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food production, or cosmetic industry.

The screening of potential antioxidant activities of hydrophobic (ethyl acetate) and hydrophilic (polysaccharide) extracts from both mycelia and fermentation media of eleven algicolous fungi was performed using three antioxidant assays. Algicolous fungi were able to ferment low-cost nutrients composed of potato infusion, glucose, and natural seawater and produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites with antioxidant properties. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using total antioxidant activity (TAA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as their total sugar contents (TSC) of hydrophilic extracts and total phenolic contents (TPC) of hydrophobic extracts. TSC of endopolysaccharides was higher than exopolysaccharides and showed a significant correlation with both TAA and FRAP. Most of mycelial extracts were richer in phenolics than fermentation media, and TPC of hydrophobic extracts was significantly correlated with their FRAP. Mycelial extracts for most of algicolous fungi showed higher antioxidant activities than fermentation media. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic extracts of algicolous fungi showed good antioxidant properties, especially as hydrogen-donating antioxidants, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food production, or cosmetic industry.