Tunable optoelectronic matter is required to generate next-generation devices that involve adjustable light and
electricity exchanges. By altering material’s properties, such as absorption, researchers can attain more effective
materials that can be suitable candidate for optoelectronic applications. Polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene oxide
(PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles (NP) were utilized to
fabricate PC/PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 nanocomposite (NC). The Cr2O3 NPs were synthesized via the sol gel method;
the average particle size is19.73 ± 0.49 nm, as indicated from the profex refinement of the XRD scans. Samples
from the synthesized NC membranes were exposed to γ ray doses from 20 to 120 kGy. Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopies were carried out to realize the outcomes of the impact of γ radiation on the
structural and optical properties of the NC membranes. The influence of the γ radiation on the light absorbance,
refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, Urbach energy and optical bandgaps of the PC/PEO/
PMMA/Cr2O3 NC membranes was studied. The absorbance of the NC membranes increased as they were exposed
to γ doses up to 120 kGy. The improvement in absorbance was associated with a reduction in both direct and
indirect bandgaps. A decrease from 4.48 to 4.28 eV for direct, and from 2.72 to 2.20 for indirect transitions has
been observed. At the same time, an increase of Urbach energy from 0.16 to 0.51 eV was observed. Also, the
optical dielectric loss (ε”) was utilized for the identification of the type of microelectronic transitions for the PC/
PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 NC membranes, which was recognized to be a direct allowed transition. Additionally, both
the refractive index and optical conductivity increased with increasing dose up to 120 kGy. Moreover, the color
intensity (ΔE) which is the color differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated samples were calculated
using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color differences technique. The results indicated
significant color difference as ΔE reached 37 (>5). The perceived modifications in optical properties of the PC/
PEO/PMMA/Cr2O3 NC highlight the possibility of utilizing it in optoelectronic applications

A comprehensive electronic investigation of Bambuterol Hydrochloride (BMBH) was conducted to
explore its structural properties, adsorption behavior on graphene, molecular docking interactions,
and molecular dynamics perturbations. FT-IR and XRD characteristics were performed to support
the structural identity. Geometry optimization and theoretical calculations were carried out to study
the structural and electronic properties of BMBH. The nature of hydrogen and halogen bonding
interactions was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, atoms in molecules (AIM)
theory, and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis. Additionally, electron localization function
(ELF) analysis provided deeper insights into the chemical bonding characteristics of BMB. Adsorption
locator modelling was involved to allow activated carbon-carriers for sustained and controlled drug
release, which helps maintain therapeutic drug levels in the body over time, reducing the frequency
of administration. Molecular docking analysis was performed to assess the interaction of BMBH with
key biological targets, revealing its potential pharmacological relevance. The inhibitory interaction
of BMB with the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme, which is a major cause of dementia and Alzheimer’s
disease, has been investigated based on molecular modelling. In addition to that the interaction
between BMB and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) was assessed using molecular Docking and Molecular
dynamics studies to investigate its transportation and bioavailability. Additionally, molecular dynamics
simulations were employed to evaluate the structural perturbations and dynamic behaviour of the
BMBH/graphene and BMB/target complexes over time. The study offers a detailed understanding
of the electronic and interactional properties of BMB, contributing to its potential applications in
nanomaterial-based drug delivery and therapeutic interventions.
Keywords BMBH drug, Computational study, DFT calculations, Graphene adsorption, Molecular docking,
Dynamic simulation

We explored how switching the transition metal (T = Cu, Sn, Co, Ni) in T0.4Mn0.6Fe2O4 nanocomposites (NCs)
controls their structure and functionality. The structure changes from a monoclinic T2Mn3O8 phase for Cu and Co
to a cubic TMn2O4 phase for Sn and Ni. This structural difference underlies a major property divergence. Cu and
Sn NCs possess higher surface area (up to 67.86 m2/g), greater charge carrier concentration, and lower band gaps
(Eg2 ≈ 1.5–1.65 eV), leading to superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (62.78 % and 60.73 %
efficiency). Conversely, Co and Ni NCs, though poorer photocatalysts, display a high q-factor (5 × 105 for Co)
and higher oscillator energies, marking them as promising candidates for energy storage applications. The
photoluminescence spectra for all NCs show violet, blue, and green emissions, with lower intensity for Co and Ni,
suggesting more defect-related recombination. The collective evidence confirms that non-magnetic Cu and Sn
ions enhance photocatalytic activity for environmental cleanup, while magnetic Co and Ni ions favor properties
needed for electronic charge storage, providing a definitive guide for tailoring these materials.

This study investigates the surface area, optical characteristics, adsorption behavior, and photocatalytic performance
of graphite (G), copper oxide (CuO), iron oxide (Fe₂O3), and CuO/Fe₂O3 nanoparticles (NPs), as well as
their modified nanocomposites (NCs): CuO/G (denoted as Cu/G), Fe₂O3/G (Fe/G), and CuO/Fe₂O3/G (CuFe/G).
The co-precipitation method was used for NPs synthesis, whereas NPs/G are synthesized via the hydrothermal
method. The samples are characterized using XRD, SEM, and BET analyzers, and tested using optical, adsorption,
and photocatalytic measurements. The structural analysis confirmed hexagonal, monoclinic, and rhombohedral
structures for G and NPs along with mixed phases for NCs. Graphite (G) exhibits the highest porosity (PS) among
all tested materials, while incorporating G enhanced the PS of the NCs. The G structure was confirmed by wellstacked
graphene sheets. The NPs adopted a regular or irregular spherical shape, whereas the NCs formed larger
aggregates consisting of multiple NPs. The G exhibited the highest surface area (SA) at all, whereas the NPs
exhibited the lower values. However, incorporating G into NPs enhanced the SA, with the highest value for Cu/G
among NCs. Notably, pure NPs exhibited two distinct electronic transitions and corresponding energy gaps (Eg1
and Eg2), whereas the other samples displayed only a single transition with a unique Eg. Regardless of the Eg2
for NPs, the Eg is 2.2 eV for G, whereas the NPs and NCs generally demonstrated reduced Eg, spanning
1.45–2.45 eV. Graphite demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency (η) of 68.78 % after 300 min, but it
decreased to 41.90 and 39.67 % for NPs and then increased for all NCs, with Cu/G reaching 61.02 %. The CuFe/G
NCs showed the highest removal efficiency of 53.69 % after 420 min, followed by Cu/G NCs (51.87 %), which
are better than those of G and NPs. The proper model for CuFe/G NCs is pseudo-2nd-order, but it changed to
pseudo-1nd-order for the other samples. These outcomes collectively demonstrate that graphite modification
provides a versatile approach to engineering composite materials with simultaneously enhanced properties
convenient for optoelectronic and water treatment applications.

This study investigates how transition metal selection influences the multifunctional properties of
T0.40Mn0.60Fe2O3 nanocomposites (NCs), where T represents Cu, Sn, Co, or Ni. Using hydrothermal method, we
prepared four NC variants and systematically characterized their structural, mechanical, magnetic, and dielectric
properties through XRD, FTIR, VSM, and BDS. X-ray diffraction revealed distinct phase compositions: Cu and Co
NCs contained monoclinic T2Mn3O8, rhombohedral Fe2O3, and cubic Fe3O4 phases, while Sn and Ni NCs formed
cubic TMn2O4 instead of the monoclinic phase. Mechanical properties varied significantly, with Cu/Sn NCs
showing larger crystallites but lower porosity compared to Co/Ni NCs. All compositions exhibited roomtemperature
ferromagnetism, with Co/Ni NCs demonstrating superior saturation magnetization (47.13 and
39.27 emu/g versus 7.45 and 30.54 emu/g for Cu/Sn) but lower coercivity (372–13.2-G versus 1.33×
103–55.99 G). Dielectric measurements showed frequency-dependent behavior, with relaxation peaks appearing
only in Sn/Co/Ni NCs. The AC conductivity followed the order Cd > Sn > Cu > Ni > Co, while impedance
analysis revealed grain boundary effects dominating in Ni/Co NCs. These property variations stem from the
interplay between magnetic moments (Co/Ni) and non-magnetic ions (Cu/Sn), enabling tailored applications:
high-Ms Co/Ni NCs for spintronics, and high-Hc Cu NCs for permanent magnets, while Sn NCs show promise for
high-frequency dielectric applications.

Aluminum-doped hematite nanoferrites (α-Fe2¡xAlxO3, x = 0.3 and 0.6) were synthesized via a hydrothermal
method and annealed at 180 ◦C for varying durations (8–16 h) to investigate their structural, magnetic, optical
band gap, and photocatalytic properties. The key innovation lies in achieving simultaneous optimization of
structural, magnetic, optical, and photocatalytic properties in a single material system - a significant advancement
over conventional hematite nanomaterials. The α-Fe2􀀀 xAlxO3 has a rhombohedral (R3c) structure, with
increasing Al content (x) reducing unit cell volume, crystallite/grain sizes, and effective mass, while increasing
bond length and Debye temperature. Annealing up to 12 h minimized crystallite size and effective mass, but
further annealing to 16 h reversed this trend. FTIR analysis revealed hydroxyl radical bands associated with
antibacterial activity at x = 0.3, which disappeared at x = 0.6. Magnetic studies showed that saturation
magnetization, retentivity, and coercivity increased with higher x, with coercivity peaking at 12 h of annealing.
Also, Al-doping reduced the switching field distribution and influenced magnetization behavior. Tauc analysis of
UV–visible spectra confirmed direct optical transitions with band gaps of 4.86–5.29 eV, demonstrating Al-doping
effects on hematite’s electronic structure. The photocatalytic performance was assessed by degrading methylene
blue (10⁻5 M) under UV–visible irradiation for 3 h. The optimal photocatalytic efficiency (66.01 %) was achieved
at x = 0.6 after annealing at 180 ◦C for 8 h, corresponding to an apparent kinetic rate of 4.6 × 10􀀀 3 min􀀀 1. These
findings demonstrate that Al-doped hematite nanoferrites, particularly when annealed at 180 ◦C for 12 h, exhibit
tunable properties suitable for advanced applications in memory devices, spintronics, and water treatment
technologies.

Fano resonance with asymmetric and sharp spectral features has recently been intriguing for refractive index sensing. In this study, we demonstrate a Fano resonance sensor that employs the coupling between a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide and a semi-ring resonator. The MIM waveguide has a three-ring resonator built in the center, and high-field confinement is observed due to the coupling of the two structures. The coupled structure's transmission spectrum exhibits three Fano resonance modes that are influenced by structure geometry and the surrounding medium's refractive index. The high-quality factor ( ) of mode 3 indicates that this sensor is suitable for use in optical sensing applications. To achieve maximum sensing performance, the parameters of the proposed structure are manipulated and different sensing parameters are computed. The sensor's estimated sensitivity of 3164.97 nm/RIU is equivalent to that of other Fano resonance sensors. Additionally, for plasmonic MIM sensors, the developed sensor achieves high values of and of 5420.99 and 5641.57 , respectively. The proposed high-sensitivity sensor could be an attractive choice for sensing applications because of its straightforward design and ease of fabrication. Also, the combination of very high sensitivity and FOM in a tiny and compact configuration is ideal for on-chip plasmonic nanosensors

We propose and analyze a novel plasmonic multi-resonator perfect absorber based entirely on an all-metal Cu grating structure for high-performance optical sensing applications. The design features a continuous Cu substrate with two identical grating exhibiting seven distinct narrowband resonances spanning the near-infrared region (1270–1990 nm) with absorption efficiencies exceeding 90%. With an ultra-narrow linewidth (FWHM = 0.0188 nm) and an outstanding Q-factor (≈ 10⁵), the highest-order resonance (P7) exhibits a perfect absorption value at 1991.312 nm, guaranteeing remarkable spectrum selectivity and sensing resolution. To enable tailored sensing capabilities, systematic studies reveal that adjusting geometric features such as the grating height and the spacing between gratings can precisely tune the resonance wavelength while maintaining strong absorption and narrow linewidths. Sensitivity analysis against refractive index variations in the surrounding medium indicates a high sensitivity (S ≈ 1991.311 nm/RIU), an outstanding figure of merit (FOM ≈ 1.06 × 10⁵), and a low detection limit on the order of 10⁻⁶ RIU. The absorber’s strong sensitivity to small changes in refractive index, including those caused by gas analytes such as air, helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, highlights its promising potential for use in multiplexed and selective biochemical and gas sensing applications. The use of an all-metal configuration supporting multiple high-Q resonances is unique among current absorber designs. This structure combines simplicity, tunability, and multi-wavelength operation in a single material platform, o​f​f​e​r​i​n

Metamaterial perfect absorbers operating at resonance wavelengths have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation optical sensing technologies. In this study, we propose and investigate a high-performance plasmonic absorber designed for refractive index sensing in the infrared region, based on a Fabry–Perot resonance cavity. The structure consists of a thick gold layer acting as a reflective mirror and absorber, while carefully selected dielectric silicon strips are used to achieve optimal resonance coupling. The main innovation lies in integrating a Fabry–Perot resonance cavity with a plasmonic absorber to achieve near-perfect absorption and precise wavelength tunability. This approach improves the sensing accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional absorbers by leveraging strong resonance coupling and optimized material configuration. By varying the refractive index of the dielectric spacer material between the Fabry–Perot mirrors, the sensor demonstrates a clear and measurable shift in resonance wavelength. The proposed design achieves a high sensitivity of 993.03 nm/RIU, an exceptional quality factor of 1581.96, a figure of merit of 958.49 , and near-perfect absorption reaching 99.5 %. These results highlight a significant improvement in sensing performance compared to conventional designs and suggest strong potential for applications in highly sensitive metamaterial-based optical sensors. The proposed structure significantly enhances sensing performance by achieving a higher sensitivity, quality factor, and figure of merit compared to conventional plasmonic absorbers. These advancements make the design well-suited for real-world applications in optical biosensing, environmental monitoring, and infrared detection technologies.