Five species of fish were cultured separately in concrete ponds, 840 cubic meters of water per each with a water circulation system. Every species was stocked at a rate of 35000 fish seeds per pond. Species involved were Oreochromis niloticus (0. niloticus), Common carp, Mugel cephalus, Marone labrax and Chrysophrus auratus with, 28. 0 it 0.3, 12.0 土. 20, 30.5 土 0.7, 1.1 土 0.1 and 1.3 土 0.1 initial body wights in grams for each species, respectively. Samples of the same species with the same initial body wights were stocked together at the rate of 7000 fish seeds per species giving a polyculture with stocking density of 35000 per pond, Feeding rate was 574 from the stocked biomass and corrected biweekly according to the recorded average weights using diet containing 26. 57% crude protein. Biweekly samples (to about 1000 fish) were collected from each pond, weighed and the average body weights were 

This study aimed to determine the effect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA + G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA + G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell 

This work focuses on studying high-codimensional bifurcations in the glucose model with
obesity’s effect. We examine the related dynamical behaviors, taking into account the
risk and adverse health effects associated with obesity’s impact on the glucose model.
Through the application of the normal form method, we demonstrate that the model
exhibits codimension-1 and codimension-2 bifurcations such as saddle node bifurcation
and cusp bifurcation. Additionally, we introduce and prove a theorem that establishes
the presence of Hopf bifurcation in the model. The computation of the first Lyapunov
coefficient is achieved using center manifold theory. To support our theoretical analysis
and showcase the model’s complex dynamical behaviors, including periodic curve families,
we provide numerical simulations. These simulations contribute to understanding
clinical observations regarding the effects of obesity on glucose levels, oscillations and
disorders. Ultimately, this research can aid in the early control of blood glucose levels.

Probiotic Lactobacillus strains as protective adjunct cultures against fungal growth and toxin production in Hard cheese

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has resulted in a significant increase in the production of metal oxide nanoparticles, which are increasingly released into the environment. Due to their widespread distribution, evaluating the potential toxicity of these particles is essential. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al NPs), in particular, are widely used in various industries and consumer products. Basil, a valuable medicinal herb known for its essential oils and antioxidants, has numerous health benefits. The impact of Al 2 O 2 O 3 3 NPs on plants remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Al form (AlCl 3 2 O 3 NPs and their bulk ; BP) on the growth of red Rubin and sweet basil cultivars in vitro, focusing on the induction of non- enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant responses. Growth parameters were adversely affected by variations in cultivar, Al particle size, and concentration. The highest reductions occurred at 200 mg L 1 NPs or BPs, with decreases of up to 69.34 % for red Rubin and 63.33 % for sweet basil. Al NPs and BPs reduced chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid levels. These pigments showed the highest decreases at 200 mg L 1 , with reductions of up to 81.92 % for red Rubin and 75.96 % for sweet basil. Al NPs and BPs compromised membrane integrity, inducing oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased electrolyte leakage, UV-absorbing compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels. The phenolic and amino acid concentrations in red Rubin basil leaves and roots decreased in response to increasing NP concentrations, while the opposite trend was observed for BPs. Conversely, sweet basil showed a consistent upward trend in phenolic and amino acid levels as Al concentrations increased, irrespective of particle form. The content of soluble proteins in basil leaves and roots declined as the concentrations of NPs and BPs increased. Enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), increased in basil leaves and roots when exposed to rising concentrations of NPs and BPs. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in red Rubin leaves and roots but decreased in sweet basil leaves and roots, with rising concentrations of NPs and BPs. The observed variations in leaf and root growth between the two basil cultivars exposed to different concentrations of Al NPs and BPs suggest that cultivar physiology and particle characteristics play a role. Additional studies are required to clarify these mechanisms.

Metabolic effect of insulin on carbohydrate and free amino acid contents in the Nile fish, Oreochromis niloticus

This study aimed to determine the effect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA + G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA + G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell …

The present study estimated oxidant/antioxidant status in blood of sheep naturally infested with Haemonchus contortus. Blood samples from infected and healthy (control) sheep were used to determine hematological, some antioxidants and biochemical parameters. The sheep showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. Haemonchosis in sheep resulted in a significant stimulation in MDA & PC. By contrast, a significant inhibition of the antioxidants activity of both SOD and GSH coupled with a significant inhibition of both ceruloplasmin (CP), Total Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) in infected sheep. In turn, a significant stimulation in CAT activity and in TFAA in infected sheep compared to control values was detected. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the increasing level of PC with the stimulating levels of MDA (r=0.47, R2=0.22, P=0.02), CAT activity (r=0.60, R2=0.37, P=0.001), TFAA in plasma (r=0.46, R2=0.21, P=0.03)and EP (r=0.43, R2=0.19, P=0.04). By contrast, stimulated level of PC was inversely correlated with diminished values of SOD (r=-0.55, R2=0.31, P=0.03), Hb (r=-0.43, R2=0.19, P=0.04) and PCV% (r=-0.65, R2=0.42, P=0.003). Haemonchosis was accompanied by disturbances in protein synthesis and a general oxidative damage.

Starvation effects for five weeks on energy reserves, oxidative stress and hematological indices in Nile catfish Clarias gariepinus was studied. The low protein level in starved fish may result from the lowering effect of prolonged starvation on protein synthesis rather than due to its degenerating protein. Moreover, the elevated level of serum amino acids may promote gluconeogenesis in liver. In addition, the lipid depletion in starved fish may be related to the preferential uses of lipids as an energy to starve fish. Also, unchanged glycemic level may introduce a potent evidence for the presence of active gluconeogenesis, depending on both amino and fatty acids precursors. Also, kidney and liver showed disturbances in metabolites associated with oxidative damage such as elevations in total peroxide, carbonyl protein and DNA fragmentation; these may cause dysfunction to these organs after five weeks of starvation 

Abstract
Biofuel can be generated by different organisms using various substrates. The green alga Chlorococcum humicola
OQ934050 exhibited the capability to photosynthesize carbonate carbon, maybe via the activity of carbonic anhydrase
enzymes. The optimum treatment is C:N ratio of 1:1 (0.2 mmoles sodium carbonate and 0.2 mmoles sodium
nitrate) as it induced the highest dry mass (more than 0.5 mg.mL−1). At this combination, biomass were about 0.2 mg/
mL−1 carbohydrates, 0.085 mg/mL−1 proteins, and 0.16 mg/mL−1 oil of this dry weight. The C/N ratios of 1:1 or 10:1
induced up to 30% of the Chlorococcum humicola dry mass as oils. Growth and dry matter content were hindered
at 50:1 C/N and oil content was reduced as a result. The fatty acid profile was strongly altered by the applied C.N
ratios. The defatted leftovers of the grown alga, after oil extraction, were fermented by a newly isolated heterotrophic
bacterium, identified as Bacillus coagulans OQ053202, to evolve hydrogen content as gas. The highest cumulative
hydrogen production and reducing sugar (70 ml H2/
g biomass and 0.128 mg/ml; respectively) were found at the C/N
ratio of 10:1 with the highest hydrogen evolution efficiency (HEE) of 22.8 ml H2/
mg reducing sugar. The optimum
treatment applied to the Chlorococcum humicola is C:N ratio of 1:1 for the highest dry mass, up to 30% dry mass
as oils. Some fatty acids were induced while others disappeared, depending on the C/N ratios. The highest cumulative
hydrogen production and reducing sugar were found at the C/N ratio of 10:1.