Recently, investigators focused on examining the melting of phase change materials (PCM) in regular two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow domains. At the same time, this topic still needs more study to get a better understanding of it. Also, such problems should be reported using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model because the latent heat substances and the included porous elements have different temperatures. Therefore, this study examines the three-dimensional flow and melting process of phase change materials (PCM) within cubic enclosures filled with copper foam, using a local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNE). The system includes two isothermal cylinders with different temperature conditions, varying distances, and radii, placed within the flow domain. The enthalpy-porosity approach is applied to model the PCM behavior, while the Brinkman-extended non-Darcy model accounts for …

In this study, the flow and heat transfer components of convection are numerically investigated in a hybrid nanofluid-filled, porous-medium enclosure with wavy walls. The flow is considered to be buoyancy-driven under a constant inclined magnetic field and heat radiation (Rd). The cavity is partially heated from its left wall and is cooled by its wave-like right wall while the other walls are adiabatic. To express the results, streamlines, isothermal, and the Nu are used. Analysis is done to determine how heat transfer is affected by thermal radiation (Rd), the Hartmann number Ha, the inclined magnetic field, the left heater’s dimensionless location (D), the heat source’s dimensionless length (B), and the hybrid nanofluid’s volume fraction. The average Nusselt number is increased when the volume friction of hybrid nanofluids increases. Additionally, as the dimensionless heat source length B rises, the rate of heat …

The current article investigates the convective transport of a micropolar nanofluid (CuO–H₂O) due to a sharp protruding isothermal heater within a trapezoidal enclosure full of porous elements utilizing a local thermal non-equilibrium state (LTNEM). A low temperature condition is imposed to the titled walls of the trapezoidal while three cases of a heated mode are considered based on the perimeter of the inner triangle. With the technique of the non-orthogonal grid, the control volume method is applied to treat the governing system of equations. Simulations are performed for various ranges of the Nield number, thermal conductivity ratio, the titled angle of the side walls of the trapezoidal, the aspect ratio and the vortex viscosity parameter. The outputs revealed that when the aspect ratio is growing from 0.3 to 1, there are an enhancement in the activity of the flow by 50% is given. Also, the heat conduction mode …

Thisstudynumericallyinvestigatesinclinedmagneto-hydrodynamicnaturalconvectioninaporouscavityfilledwithnanofluid containinggyrotacticmicroorganisms.Thegoverningequationsarenondimensionalizedandsolvedusingthefinitevolume method. The simulations examine the impact of keyparameters suchas heat source lengthandposition, Peclet number, porosity,andheatgeneration/absorptiononflowpatterns, temperaturedistribution,concentrationprofiles,andmicroorganism rotation.Resultsindicatethatextendingtheheatsourcelengthenhancesconvectivecurrentsandheattransferefficiency,while optimizing the heat sourceposition reduces entropygeneration.Higher Peclet numbers amplify convective currents and microorganismdistribution complexity.Variations inporosityandheat generation/absorption significantly influence flow dynamics. Additionally, the artificial neural networkmodel reliably predicts themeanNusselt andSherwood numbers ( ) Nu Sh & ,demonstratingitseffectiveness for suchanalyses.Thesimulationresults reveal that increasingtheheat source lengthsignificantlyenhancesheat transfer, asevidencedbya15%increaseinthemeanNusseltnumber.

Heat transfer through enhanced hydromagnetic mixed convection has the potential to be of long-term benefit in high-performance thermal equipment, hybrid fuel cell technologies, cooling systems for microelectronic devices, and subterranean cable networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of an inclined magnetic field thermal radiation and a heat source/sink on the flow and temperature behavior of an Aluminium oxide-Copper/water-based nanofluid in an undulating permeable enclosure enclosing a four-sided solid-block. A f inite volume technique is used to solve the given governing equations. In order to construct a discussion based on the results, streamlines and isotherm contours are employed to characterize the flow pattern and temperature distribution, respectively. The current findings, which show good agreement with those found in the earlier literature, confirm that the recommended approach is reliable. The analysis focuses on the influence of heat generation, heat source length, thermal radiation, porous medium porosity, and the dimensionless placement of the left heater factors on flow and heat transfer characteristics. The length of the heat source (B) of the fluid flow in the cavity is observed to increase everywhere except for the square solder block and shift the top of the wavy wall. The Nu m grows when the φ raises in thermal radiation. The average Nusselt number increases with increased porosity, although the rate of increase is faster in areas with higher heat flow

Thispaperaimstoexplore,through a numerical study, buoyant convective phenomena in a porous cavity containing a hybrid nanofluid, taking into account the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) approach. The cavity contains a solid block in the shape of a cross (þ). It will be helpful to develop and optimize the thermal systems with intricate geometries under LTNEconditions for a variety of applications.

In this paper, the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-radiation-natural convection of a hybrid nanofluid within a U-shaped wavy porous cavity is investigated. This problem has relevant applications in optimizing thermal managementsystemsinelectronic devices, solar energy collectors, and other industrial applications where efficient heat transfer is very important. The study is based on the application of a numerical approach using the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for the resolution of the governing equations, which incorporates the Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model for porous media. It was found that the increase of Hartmann number (Ha) causes a reduction of the average Nusselt number (Nu), with a maximum decrease of 25% observed as Ha increases from 0 to 50. In addition, the influence of the wall’s wave amplitude and the heat source length on the heat transfer rate was quantified, and it was revealed that at high wave amplitude, the average Nu increases by up to 15%. These findings suggest that manipulating magnetic field strength and cavity geometry can significantly enhance thermal performance. The novelty of this is related to the exploration of a U-shaped wavy cavity, which is not covered in previous studies, and to the detailed examination of the combined effects of magnetic fields, radiation, and hybrid nanofluids.

This study addresses the critical need for optimizing heat transfer and fluid flow in porous ring structures, which are essential for various thermal management applications. The aim is to investigate how different parameters such as obstacle length(B), heat source position(D), heat generation coefficient(Q), Hartmann coefficient (Ha), porosity( ), and Rayleigh coefficient (Ra) affect heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a porous ring structure with multiple heat sources. The modeling assumes steady-state conditions, isotropic and homogeneous porous media, and uniform heat generation within the obstacles. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were employed to analyze the effects of the aforementioned parameters on streamline distributions, temperature profiles, and heat transfer rates. Remarkably, increasing obstacle length and higher porosity generally enhance heat transfer efficiency, while positioning heat sources closer to the outer boundary and higher Rayleigh numbers lead to reduced heat transfer. The study reveals that, contrary to conventional expectations, various parametric changes consistently result in decreased heat transfer, making the porous ring structure suitable for applications requiring thermal isolation or minimized heat leakage.