The widespread use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has raised concerns over their potential toxic impacts on ecosystem and human health due to their release from various products to the environment. Solanum nigrum L. is recognized as phytoremediation plant and high tolerance in the metal-stressed environment. Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient media supplemented with five CuO NPs levels were evaluated for their effects on the callus of S. nigrum. In excess of CuO NPs, S. nigrum tissues showed a reduction in dry weight of tissue, free amino acids, and potassium contents. We also observed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble carbohydrates. In addition, Cu accumulation in callus was increased with increasing CuO NPs concentration in the medium (50-200 µg/ml).

The PI3K signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of cancer cell growth, motility, survival and metabolism. This pathway is frequently active in many different types of cancer as breast, prostate and multiple myeloma. Targetable genetic aberrations in this pathway give the researchers many opportunities for the development of targeted therapies for different types of cancer. The high frequency of mutations in this pathway in multiple types of cancer has led to the development of small-molecule inhibitors of PI3K, several of which are currently in clinical trials. However, several feedback mechanisms either within the PI3K pathway or in compensatory pathways can render tumor cells resistant to therapy. Here, we give insight into the importance of the PI3K pathway as a target for cancer therapy and discuss the potential clinical efficacy of PI3K inhibitors. We mainly focused on the roles of PI3K signaling pathway in three cancer cell types including breast cancer, prostate cancer and multiple myeloma cancer.

There is a growing global demand on bio-hydrogen production (BHP) using costless and
wastes material. Herein we demonstrate the possibility to produce high yield of hydrogen
using a new bacterial strain grown on acidic hydrolyzed cyanobacterial biomass as a
costless carbon feedstock under various iron concentrations. We used E. coli DH701 mutant
and new strain Brevibacillus invocatus SAR isolated from Assiut city soil samples. The
mentioned new strain was identified morphologically, biochemically and by molecular
analysis using 16S rDNA sequence. Limitation of iron induced BHP in tested cyanobacteria.
Iron concentration (0.045 mM) enhanced hydrogenase activity and cumulative hydrogen
evolution in the investigated cultures. B. invocatus yielded 3.3 mol H2/mole glucose and
3.8 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass), while the mutant strain yielded 1.78 mol
H2/mole glucose and 3.4 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass). Thus, the use of algal
biomass induced higher potency of BHP especially at 0.045 mM iron.

There is a growing global demand on bio-hydrogen production (BHP) using costless and
wastes material. Herein we demonstrate the possibility to produce high yield of hydrogen
using a new bacterial strain grown on acidic hydrolyzed cyanobacterial biomass as a
costless carbon feedstock under various iron concentrations. We used E. coli DH701 mutant
and new strain Brevibacillus invocatus SAR isolated from Assiut city soil samples. The
mentioned new strain was identified morphologically, biochemically and by molecular
analysis using 16S rDNA sequence. Limitation of iron induced BHP in tested cyanobacteria.
Iron concentration (0.045 mM) enhanced hydrogenase activity and cumulative hydrogen
evolution in the investigated cultures. B. invocatus yielded 3.3 mol H2/mole glucose and
3.8 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass), while the mutant strain yielded 1.78 mol
H2/mole glucose and 3.4 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass). Thus, the use of algal
biomass induced higher potency of BHP especially at 0.045 mM iron.

There is a growing global demand on bio-hydrogen production (BHP) using costless and
wastes material. Herein we demonstrate the possibility to produce high yield of hydrogen
using a new bacterial strain grown on acidic hydrolyzed cyanobacterial biomass as a
costless carbon feedstock under various iron concentrations. We used E. coli DH701 mutant
and new strain Brevibacillus invocatus SAR isolated from Assiut city soil samples. The
mentioned new strain was identified morphologically, biochemically and by molecular
analysis using 16S rDNA sequence. Limitation of iron induced BHP in tested cyanobacteria.
Iron concentration (0.045 mM) enhanced hydrogenase activity and cumulative hydrogen
evolution in the investigated cultures. B. invocatus yielded 3.3 mol H2/mole glucose and
3.8 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass), while the mutant strain yielded 1.78 mol
H2/mole glucose and 3.4 mol H2/mole reducing sugar (algal biomass). Thus, the use of algal
biomass induced higher potency of BHP especially at 0.045 mM iron.

The characterization of phyco-based synthesis of TiO2 NPs from Spirulina platensis (GSSp.TiO2 NPs) and the efect of
such biosynthesized nanoparticles on morphology, growth, ultrastructure and enzymatic of the same alga have been studied.
These nanoparticles have a good solubility, are stable in water and the average size was 17.3 nm. GSSp.TiO2 NPs aggregated
and adsorbed on S. platensis membrane. Penetration and entrance of the nanoparticles into the Spirulina cells were also
recorded which stimulated cell wall deformity, plasmolysis, and damage to both cell wall and plasma membrane, combined
with the appearance of notch-like structure. A positive signifcant correlation was recorded between all applied concentrations of the biosynthesized nanoparticles and the antioxidant activities (CAT and APX) and LOX. More than 160 mg/l of
GSSp.TiO2 NPs have a harmful impact on S. platensis, so nanoparticles have to be managed before disposal to protect our
health and ecosystem.

Co-deprivation of some photosynthetic electron transport mineral pairs is sought for enhancing antioxidant
accumulation in a local isolate of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, to improve their nutritional value and economic
feasibility. The omitted element pairs were iron and sulfur ( FeS), manganese and iron ( MnFe) and nitrogen and
sulfur ( NS); chosen on the basis of their strong mediation in redox activities (Fe, Mn or S) or as sinks (N or S) of
photosynthetic electrons.
Antioxidant contents were estimated in 15 days old cells as growth of Arthrospira was not deteriorated by depriving the studied mineral pairs on the one hand and older cells tend to accumulate secondary compounds than
younger ones whose bioenergetics are diverted into vegetative growth on the other hand. Iron sulfur, followed
by iron manganese deprivation, induced the highest rates of photosynthtic oxygen evolution and respiratory
oxygen uptake. Nitrogen sulfur starved cells, however, seem just survived as the increment of their dry mass
relative to the inoculum was insignificant; they exhibited the lowest rates of photosynthesis with significantly
enhanced respiration.
A positive correlation between dry mass allocation and antioxidant accumulation can be deduced in the following
order: FeS N FeMn N NS. Vitamins A and tocopherols exhibited significant rise per unit dry mass (about fourfold
that of the control) at FeS while total antioxidants, reducing power and phenolics were more than doubled. FeMn
pair deprivation sustained growth but did not enhance the accumulation of the targeted antioxidants. Under NS
deprivation, neither Vitamin A nor tocopherols was enhanced although total antioxidants, reducing power and
total phenolics were significantly higher than in control cultures.
Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids did not exhibit significant alterations in response to the imposed
deprivations, indicating that enhancing the antioxidant accumulation did not take place at the expense of growth
or primary metabolism in Arthrospira.

Co-deprivation of some photosynthetic electron transport mineral pairs is sought for enhancing antioxidant
accumulation in a local isolate of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, to improve their nutritional value and economic
feasibility. The omitted element pairs were iron and sulfur ( FeS), manganese and iron ( MnFe) and nitrogen and
sulfur ( NS); chosen on the basis of their strong mediation in redox activities (Fe, Mn or S) or as sinks (N or S) of
photosynthetic electrons.
Antioxidant contents were estimated in 15 days old cells as growth of Arthrospira was not deteriorated by depriving the studied mineral pairs on the one hand and older cells tend to accumulate secondary compounds than
younger ones whose bioenergetics are diverted into vegetative growth on the other hand. Iron sulfur, followed
by iron manganese deprivation, induced the highest rates of photosynthtic oxygen evolution and respiratory
oxygen uptake. Nitrogen sulfur starved cells, however, seem just survived as the increment of their dry mass
relative to the inoculum was insignificant; they exhibited the lowest rates of photosynthesis with significantly
enhanced respiration.
A positive correlation between dry mass allocation and antioxidant accumulation can be deduced in the following
order: FeS N FeMn N NS. Vitamins A and tocopherols exhibited significant rise per unit dry mass (about fourfold
that of the control) at FeS while total antioxidants, reducing power and phenolics were more than doubled. FeMn
pair deprivation sustained growth but did not enhance the accumulation of the targeted antioxidants. Under NS
deprivation, neither Vitamin A nor tocopherols was enhanced although total antioxidants, reducing power and
total phenolics were significantly higher than in control cultures.
Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids did not exhibit significant alterations in response to the imposed
deprivations, indicating that enhancing the antioxidant accumulation did not take place at the expense of growth
or primary metabolism in Arthrospira.

Background: impairment of retinoic acid (RA) results in different
malformations during embryonic development. Citral can interfere with the
embryogenesis due to its direct inhibitory effect on RA. Purpose: is to evaluate the
effect of different concentrations of citral on the skeletal elements of the developing
chick embryo. Methods: Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided
into control and experimental groups which received either three different
concentrations of citral (50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM). Results: treatment with citral
caused several cases of scoliosis, absence of ossification in the skeletal system,
deformed parrot beak, short and wry necks. Alizarin transparencies detected
curvatures of the vertebral column at the cervical region. Conclusion: It is
suggested that citral treatment in the present work caused inhibition of RA which
might disrupt the expression of some genes, such as BMPs, Fgf8, Msx1 and Msx2
resulting in induction of morphological malformations. Citral induced
morphological malformation in a concentration dependent manner. Cosmetics,
food stuffs, detergents, flavoring agents and scenting agents that contain retinoic
acid or citral are not recommended for ladies during the first trimester of
pregnancy.

Background: impairment of retinoic acid (RA) results in different
malformations during embryonic development. Citral can interfere with the
embryogenesis due to its direct inhibitory effect on RA. Purpose: is to evaluate the
effect of different concentrations of citral on the skeletal elements of the developing
chick embryo. Methods: Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided
into control and experimental groups which received either three different
concentrations of citral (50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM). Results: treatment with citral
caused several cases of scoliosis, absence of ossification in the skeletal system,
deformed parrot beak, short and wry necks. Alizarin transparencies detected
curvatures of the vertebral column at the cervical region. Conclusion: It is
suggested that citral treatment in the present work caused inhibition of RA which
might disrupt the expression of some genes, such as BMPs, Fgf8, Msx1 and Msx2
resulting in induction of morphological malformations. Citral induced
morphological malformation in a concentration dependent manner. Cosmetics,
food stuffs, detergents, flavoring agents and scenting agents that contain retinoic
acid or citral are not recommended for ladies during the first trimester of
pregnancy.