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Pyrazoles are five membered heterocycles constitute a higly significant class of compounds in organic synthesis. Nowadays, pyrazoles and condensed pyrazoles have attracted substantial attention of the scientists owing to their excellent pharmacological and agrochemical properties. Pyrazole derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects such as: anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-glaucoma, anti-tubercular, sodium channel blocker, anxiolytic, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities. This review casts light on recent methodologies for the synthesis and reactions of thienopyrazole moiety. This follow-up may encourage scientists to create new routes towards the thienopyrazole nucleus with important biological activity.

Pyrazoles are five membered heterocycles constitute a higly significant class of compounds in organic synthesis. Nowadays, pyrazoles and condensed pyrazoles have attracted substantial attention of the scientists owing to their excellent pharmacological and agrochemical properties. Pyrazole derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects such as: anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-glaucoma, anti-tubercular, sodium channel blocker, anxiolytic, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities. This review casts light on recent methodologies for the synthesis and reactions of thienopyrazole moiety. This follow-up may encourage scientists to create new routes towards the thienopyrazole nucleus with important biological activity.

Pyrazoles are five membered heterocycles constitute a higly significant class of compounds in organic synthesis. Nowadays, pyrazoles and condensed pyrazoles have attracted substantial attention of the scientists owing to their excellent pharmacological and agrochemical properties. Pyrazole derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects such as: anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-glaucoma, anti-tubercular, sodium channel blocker, anxiolytic, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities. This review casts light on recent methodologies for the synthesis and reactions of thienopyrazole moiety. This follow-up may encourage scientists to create new routes towards the thienopyrazole nucleus with important biological activity.

Pyrazoles are five membered heterocycles constitute a higly significant class of compounds in organic synthesis. Nowadays, pyrazoles and condensed pyrazoles have attracted substantial attention of the scientists owing to their excellent pharmacological and agrochemical properties. Pyrazole derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects such as: anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-glaucoma, anti-tubercular, sodium channel blocker, anxiolytic, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities. This review casts light on recent methodologies for the synthesis and reactions of thienopyrazole moiety. This follow-up may encourage scientists to create new routes towards the thienopyrazole nucleus with important biological activity.

The starting compound 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole- 5-carboxamide (1), that has been previously synthesized according to the literature procedure, underwent a reaction with the anhydride of phthalic acid either in AcOH or DMF to give isoindolinylpyrazole-5-carboxamide 3 and pyrazolothienopyrimidoisoindoledione 4, respectively. Also, it was subjected to react with diethylmalonate followed by hydrazinolysis by hydrazine hydrate to yield the pyrazolothienopyrimidinyl acetohydrazide 5. The carbohydrazide derivative 5 was used as a key intermediate for the preparation of other new heterocyclic systems containing pyrazolylacetyl pyrazolothienopyrimidines and pyrazolothieno-pyrimidotriazepine compounds 6–11. The structures of these new heterocycles have been characterized by using analytical and spectroscopic analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS). Some derivatives of the synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against many bacterial and fungal strains.

The starting compound 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole- 5-carboxamide (1), that has been previously synthesized according to the literature procedure, underwent a reaction with the anhydride of phthalic acid either in AcOH or DMF to give isoindolinylpyrazole-5-carboxamide 3 and pyrazolothienopyrimidoisoindoledione 4, respectively. Also, it was subjected to react with diethylmalonate followed by hydrazinolysis by hydrazine hydrate to yield the pyrazolothienopyrimidinyl acetohydrazide 5. The carbohydrazide derivative 5 was used as a key intermediate for the preparation of other new heterocyclic systems containing pyrazolylacetyl pyrazolothienopyrimidines and pyrazolothieno-pyrimidotriazepine compounds 6–11. The structures of these new heterocycles have been characterized by using analytical and spectroscopic analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS). Some derivatives of the synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against many bacterial and fungal strains.

The starting compound 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole- 5-carboxamide (1), that has been previously synthesized according to the literature procedure, underwent a reaction with the anhydride of phthalic acid either in AcOH or DMF to give isoindolinylpyrazole-5-carboxamide 3 and pyrazolothienopyrimidoisoindoledione 4, respectively. Also, it was subjected to react with diethylmalonate followed by hydrazinolysis by hydrazine hydrate to yield the pyrazolothienopyrimidinyl acetohydrazide 5. The carbohydrazide derivative 5 was used as a key intermediate for the preparation of other new heterocyclic systems containing pyrazolylacetyl pyrazolothienopyrimidines and pyrazolothieno-pyrimidotriazepine compounds 6–11. The structures of these new heterocycles have been characterized by using analytical and spectroscopic analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS). Some derivatives of the synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against many bacterial and fungal strains.

The starting compound 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole- 5-carboxamide (1), that has been previously synthesized according to the literature procedure, underwent a reaction with the anhydride of phthalic acid either in AcOH or DMF to give isoindolinylpyrazole-5-carboxamide 3 and pyrazolothienopyrimidoisoindoledione 4, respectively. Also, it was subjected to react with diethylmalonate followed by hydrazinolysis by hydrazine hydrate to yield the pyrazolothienopyrimidinyl acetohydrazide 5. The carbohydrazide derivative 5 was used as a key intermediate for the preparation of other new heterocyclic systems containing pyrazolylacetyl pyrazolothienopyrimidines and pyrazolothieno-pyrimidotriazepine compounds 6–11. The structures of these new heterocycles have been characterized by using analytical and spectroscopic analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS). Some derivatives of the synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against many bacterial and fungal strains.

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a nephrotoxic substance that is highly prevalent in aquatic environments. Nigella sativa seed (NSS) has many biological activities and is widely used throughout the world as a medicinal product. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of NSS on 4- NP-induced renal damage in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Thirty fish were divided into five equal groups: an untreated control group and four groups that were challenged with 4-NP at a dose of 0.1 mg L1 of aquarium water and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% NSS, respectively, for 3 weeks. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of the kidney were then assessed as biomarkers for renal tissue damage. Our results confirmed that 4-NP was a potent cytotoxic agent for the kidney tissue and induced renal damage, with 4-NP-intoxicated fish showing necrosis in the epithelial cells of the renal corpuscles, renal proximal convoluted tubules, and intertubular hematopoietic tissue, as well as loss of or a decrease in microvilli, a decrease in mitochondria, and an increase in the lysosomes in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. The kidneys of 4-NP-intoxicated fish also showed increased numbers of Perls’ Prussian blue-positive melanomacrophage centers and intraepithelial T-lymphocytes in the proximal convoluted tubules and plasma cells. The administration of NSS to 4-NP-challenged fish significantly minimized the cytotoxic effect of 4-NP, maintaining the normal kidney structure, with concentrations of 2.5% and 5% of feed being most effective for protecting the kidney against 4-NP-induced renal damage.