Introduction: Arsenic is a standout amongst the most lethal metals
derived from the natural environment. The major reason for human arsenic
toxicity is tainting of drinking water. Arsenic trioxide is inorganic arsenic
that is classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a known
human carcinogen. Aim: Illustration of morphological and histological
effects of arsenic trioxide on mice offspring. Methods: Adult female albino
mice were divided into five groups: Control, negative control treated with
Hcl (arsenic trioxide solvent), and three groups daily treated orally with
different doses of arsenic trioxide (0.3, 0.7 and 1 mg/kg). Offspring of 21
day old mice were morphologically examined, weighed and morphometric
measurements were carried out. Liver and kidney were histopathologically
examined. Results: Data showed a significant decrease in body weight and
crown rump length in the arsenic high dose treated group and a significant
decrease in head circumference, thigh and a significant increase in foot
length of all treated groups. Statistics revealed a significant increase in tail
measurements with the lowest dose, while the higher doses showed a
significant decrease. Severe degenerative histopathological changes in
different treatments were also observed. Discussion: Exposure of mice
embryos to arsenic trioxide before and during pregnancy-induced
morphological and histological abnormalities. It is suggested that the
inhibitory effects of arsenic trioxide on embryonic development and body
measurement might be attributed to elevating proapoptotic and decreasing
antiapoptotic gene activity. The increase of foot and tail measurements in
some cases might be explained as a result of increased proliferation rate and
mutation in developing systems.

Iraq is facing a water shortage due to water scarcity and anthropogenic activities. The
recent advance in technologies in geophysical methods has made groundwater monitoring possible.
Time-variable gravity data and outputs of the climatic model, as well as rainfall data, are integrated
to investigate the spatio-temporal mass variations caused by groundwater changes over Iraq. The
findings are: (1) For the entire study period (04/2002–12/2020), Period I (04/2002–12/2006), Period
II (01/2007–12/2017), and Period III (01/2018–12/2020), the study region had an average annual
precipitation rate of 223.4, 252.5, 194.2, and 311.6 mm/y, respectively. (2) The average Terrestrial
Water Storage variations (DTWSs) varied from ?5.79  0.70 to ?5.11  0.70 mm/y based on the
three different gravity solutions with a mean of ?5.51  0.68 mm/y for the entire investigated
period. (3) For Periods I, II, and III, the average DTWS fluctuation was calculated to be +6.82  1.92,
?6.20  1.17, and +28.58  12.78 mm/y, respectively. (4) During the entire period, Periods I, II,
and II, the groundwater fluctuation was averaged at ?4.86  0.68, +2.47  2.20, ?3.79  1.20, and
?4.63  12.99 mm/y, respectively, after subtracting the non-groundwater components. (5) At the
beginning of the 2007 drought during Period II, a decline in rainfall rate, and significant groundwater
withdrawal during Period III all appear to have contributed to groundwater depletion. The Euphrates
and Tigris Rivers, as well as the Mesopotamian plain, receive water from the running streams created
by the ground relief. The area of the Mesopotamian plain, which has a thicker sedimentary sequence
that can reach 9000 m, is found to have a positive TWS signal, indicating that its groundwater
potential is higher. The integrated approach is informative and cost-effective.

Saudi Arabia is seeking fresh groundwater resources to face the increase in anthropogenic
activities. The groundwater storage variations and occurrence were investigated and the
surface and subsurface structures influencing the groundwater resources in the research
area were defined using a combined study of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,
aeromagnetic data, and electrical resistivity data with other relevant datasets. Results are:
The groundwater storage fluctuation is calculated at −0.34 ± 0.01 mm/yr during the period
04/2002-12/2021. The area is receiving an average annual rainfall rate of 117.6 mm during
the period 2002 to 2019. Three structural trends, defined in the directions of NS, NNW,
and NNE are cutting the sedimentary cover and the basement rocks. The sedimentary
cover ranges from 0 to 1.2 km thick. Vertical electrical sounding results indicate three main
geoelectric layers: the surface geoelectrical layer of higher resistivity values (428-9626 Ω.
m) is made up of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments; the water-bearing layer of
saturated sands with a resistivity range between 5.1 and 153 Ω. m and with depths
vary from 1 to 94m, and highly fractured basement rocks with resistivity values ranging
from 813 to 6030 Ω. m. The integrated results are useful in providing a comprehensive
image of the study area’s surface and subsurface structures, as well as groundwater
potential in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Our integrated approach provides a
reproducible model for assessing groundwater potential in arid and semiarid areas.

Thirty groundwater samples were taken from Assiut’s northern outskirts. The physicochemical
properties of these samples were investigated. For the evaluation of water–rock interaction,
the saturation index (SI), chloro-alkaline indices (CAI1 and CAI2), Gibbs ratios for cations and anions
(GC and GA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were
used. (1)With the exception of five samples that were supersaturated, the rest of the groundwater
samples were under-saturated with carbonate mineral dissolution (calcite, dolomite, and aragonite)
and evaporite mineral dissolution (anhydrite, gypsum, halite, and sylvite). (2) The presence of ion
exchange between alkali elements (Na+ + K+) and earth alkaline elements (Ca2+ + Mg2+) is explained
by the positive values of the chloro-alkaline indices. (3) In four groundwater samples, negative
chloro-alkaline indices suggest reverse ion exchange and an increasing alkali element content. (4) The
Gibbs diagram demonstrates that, with the exception of four samples that reflect saline groundwater,
the majority of the groundwater samples are freshwater recharging from the fresh surface water in
the research area. (5) Groundwater types include Ca-HCO3 (11%), Mg-HCO3 (48%), Na-HCO3 (23%),
Mg-Cl (13%), and Na-Cl (3%). (6) The alkali, earth alkaline elements, and sulphate are the key controls
on groundwater salinity, according to PCA and HCA. (7) The somewhat saline groundwater in the
research area’s western desert margins should not be used since it poses a health danger to people

The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is made up of three major sub-basins:
Kufra, Dakhla, and the N. Sudan Platform. It is one of the world’s largest groundwater systems.
The aquifer’s hydrologic setting, connectivity of its sub-basins, and groundwater flow across these
sub-basins are currently unclear. To address these issues, we used a combined approach that included:
(1) a regionally calibrated groundwater flow model that mimics early (>10,000 years) steady-state conditions
under wet climatic periods and later (<10,000 years BP–1960; 1960–2010) transient conditions
under arid climatic periods; and (2) groundwater ages (36Cl, 81Kr) and isotopic (18O, 2H) data. The
NSAS was recharged on a regional scale in previous wet climatic periods; however, in dry periods,
its outcrops are still receiving local modest recharge. A progressive increase in 36Cl groundwater
ages was found along groundwater flow directions and along structures that are sub-parallel to the
flow direction. The NE–SW Pelusium mega shear zone is a preferential groundwater flow conduit
from the Kufra to the Dakhla sub-basin. The south-to-north groundwater flow is hampered by the
Uweinat–Aswan basement uplift. The findings provide useful information about the best ways to
use the NSAS.