Electrospraying is a process that uses electrostatic force to break up a liquid into droplets by using a strong electric field. There are different modes of electrospraying depending on the electric field strength and the liquid flow rate for a specified liquid. The simple-jet mode is among these modes, which can produce monodisperse droplets. This article is aimed at analyzing electrospraying in simple-jet mode of a pesticide—solution issued from the nozzle of a capillary of the spray—system. The analysis includes the formation of a jet charged by conduction at low applied voltages (below corona onset) and by corona discharge at voltages higher than the corona onset value. The electric field distribution in the space between the charged jet and the target is calculated at voltages below and above the corona onset value. The disintegration of the jet into droplets is assessed to determine the jet length and radius as well as the charge and radius of droplets. The current–voltage characteristic of the spray system is calculated and checked experimentally. The agreement between the calculated and measured currents in the spray system at the same applied voltage is satisfactory.

In recent paper anodization of copper foams in 0.1 M K2CO3 is reported. Anodization was performed in the voltage range of 5–25 V and in all the cases oxides with a developed surface area were obtained. However, anodizing only at 20 and 25 V resulted in the formation of nanostruc-tures. In all the cases, the products of anodizing consisted of crystalline phases like cuprite (Cu2O), tenorite (CuO), parameconite (Cu4O3 ) as well as spertiniite (Cu(OH)2 ). Copper foams after ano-dizing were applied as catalysts in the photocatalytic decolorization of a model organic compound such as methylene blue. The highest photocatalytic activity was observed for samples anodized at 25 V and closely followed by samples anodized at 5 V. The anodized copper foams proved to be a useful material in enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of organic dye decomposition.

Ge15Se75Zn10 thin films were deposited onto cleaned glass substrates by the vacuum thermal evaporation technique. The as-deposited and annealed thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and optical spectroscopy. The average particle sizes of the crystallized GeSe and ZnSe phases increase with increasing annealing temperature. Some optical parameters of the as-deposited and annealed Ge15Se75Zn10 thin films were studied using both transmittance T(λ) and reflectance R(λ) measurements. The analysis of T(λ) and R(λ) data revealed the existence of direct optical band gap (EG) and the corresponding values were calculated to be 2.913, 2.802 and 2.692 eV for the as-deposited and annealed thin films at 373 and 423 K, respectively. The dispersion of the refractive index is discussed in terms of the single oscillator Wemple-Didomenico (WD) model. The width of band tails of localized states (Ee), the single oscillator energy (E0), the dispersion energy (Ed), the high frequency dielectric constant (εL) and the steepness parameter (S) were estimated.

In this framework, nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) adsorbents were formed using the solid-solid reaction method. The crystal structure and morphology of ZnO were investigated using the X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The ZnO crystallized in the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, while the average crystallite size and particle size were found equal to 22 ± 5 and 55 ± 10 nm, respectively. The adsorption efficiency of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) for removing an extreme quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4 ) in wastewater was investigated. The absorbance analysis was revealed that the adsorption of KMnO4 dye reached ~32% in 140 min using the ZnO adsorbent by applying the shaking method. The experimental results were tested by different kinetic models such as pseudo-first as well as pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. Besides, various models including the Boyd and Elovic models are applied to investigate the mechanisms of the removal of KMnO4 from the wastewater using the shaking method. The adsorption process is described well with the pseudo-second-order model for ZnO NPs compared to other applied models. The performance of using ZnO NPs for removing the KMnO4 from the wastewater using the shaking method was compared to other dyes and removal methods found in the literature.

Abstract: Objective: In this work, graphene (Gr) or/and Cu particles are used to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Methods : Various contents of Gr powder (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%), and Cu powder (10, 30, and 50 wt%) were loaded to epoxy to form Gr/epoxy and Cu/epoxy composites, respectively. In addition, hybrids epoxy/Cu/Gr samples were prepared with a selection of the lowest (0.1 and 10) and the highest (0.5 and 50) ratios of Gr, and Cu, respectively. Results : The thermal conductivity increased with the increasing weight ratio of Gr and Cu as compared to the pure epoxy. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of epoxy composites and hybrid composites revealed an improvement in the thermal stability. In addition, the mechanical properties such as hardness shore D and the wear resistance were enhanced for both the epoxy composites and hybrids composites. However, the Ep+0.5wt%Gr+50wt%Cu hybrid composite was found to have the maximum hardness 84, with the thermal conductivity of 3.84 W/m.K. It showed the lowest wear resistance 2.7×10-6 mm 3 /Nm at loading 10 N. Conclusion : The hybrid composite containing 0.5wt%Gr and 50wt%Cu shows the maximum hardness and thermal conductivity, as well as the lowest wear resistance when compared to other composites. The physical properties of the hybrid composite can be controlled by the host blend, and hence the morphology, and interfacial characteristics.

In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by the solid-solid reaction technique. The photocatalytic efficiency, using a ZnO nanoparticle as a catalyst, has been shown by investigating the degradation rate of an extreme quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater. The KMnO4 dye reveals a degradation rate of 47% by the irradiation of UV compared to less than 5% for methylene blue using the same experiment conditions by ZnO nanoparticles as a catalyst. Also, various kinetics models such as the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order, and the intra-particle diffusion models are applied to investigate the photocatalytic process. Moreover, Boyd and Elovic models were applied to study in detail the mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation process.

The sheet resistance (Rs), and hence electrical resistivity of diferent thicknesses (200–320 nm) of As30Te60Ga10 flms was measured from 490 to 600 K. Crystallization kinetics parameters of the As30Te60Ga10 flms were determined in terms of the evaluated Rs for various flm thicknesses. The investigated kinetics parameters were compared to obtained experimental data from diferential scanning calorimetry as well as were confrmed by the X-ray difraction and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the exothermic heat fow can be obtained from the measured surface resistance, with high accuracy, for all As30Te60Ga10 flms. The crystallization kinetic parameters of As30Te60Ga10 flms were determined under non-isothermal and isoconversional conditions. Besides, the activation energy required for the amorphous-crystalline transition of As30Te60Ga10 was estimated and various models of the crystallization kinetics were applied. It was observed that the Šesták-Berggren equation is more appropriate, compared to the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation, for describing the kinetics of crystallization in As30Te60Ga10. The obtained results could give an experimental basis for the optimization of phase-change memory in the As–Te–Ga system in terms of the sheet resistance measurement and the possibility of its application for various phase-change materials.

The key to promoting good health and livelihood is easy to access sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious food. Modern
agriculture faces many obstacles as the population is growing exponentially and the rate of food production is unable to keep
up. Additionally, to maintain ecological balance, sustainability must be practiced and damage to the environment should
be controlled. As a solution to all these problems, nanotechnology has come forward to produce a variety of nanomaterials
that assist in agriculture, i.e., nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-emulsions, etc. This review focuses on the union of
these two disciplines, which will ensure great advancement. Agri-nanotechnology, a new field is born. It provides a detailed
overview of certain widely used and important nanomaterials in modern agriculture while elaborating on their application.
Agrochemicals can be improved by nanomaterials in terms of efficacy, accuracy, and specific targeting. Through smart
and precision agricultural technologies, it is possible to reduce the amount and improve the efficiency of agrochemicals.
Advantages include increased sustainability and cost and time efficiency, whereas disadvantages such as potential toxicity
and environmental damage still need to be investigated. Through this review, we hope to truly explore the potential for
advancement in agri-nanotechnology with new-age nanomaterials, while discussing the advantages and disadvantages of
the same. This is the modern era—an era of connecting technology and agriculture for better output and higher efficiency.

The present study was conducted to survey and isolate entomopathogenic fungi as endophyte from wheat and tomato plants in Assiut, Upper Egypt. Two species of agricultural economic plants (wheat and tomato) were freshly collected two times/month. These plants were wheat and tomato. Plants with no visible symptoms of disease were carefully selected after physical examination. In the present study 30 samples (6 from wheat and 24 from tomato) were surveyed for entophytic fungi. leaves, shoots, and roots of the two plants were examined. Thirty-three fungal species which belong to 17 genera were isolated as endophytes of the two plants. Beauveria bassiana was successfully isolated from the leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Moreover, the pathogenicity of this isolate was assayed as endophyte on tomato and wheat plants. Also, the isolate of B. bassiana was assessed against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L.